Recent work has revealed that increasing numbers of drivers now receive driving instructions using a portable navigation system. A 2r2r2 (positionrdisplay decrease moder voice) factorial experiment was executed to compare driving performance when using a portable navigation system (PNS). Thirty-two subjects were paid to participate in this field study, and a smart phone was adopted as the portable navigation device. The results indicated that drivers using the PNS under the conditions up position and with voice instruction performed better in terms of trip duration, mean speed, and the standard deviation of speed. K E Y W O R D S 1. portable navigation system 2. smart phone 3. driving performance 4. car safety.Previously VNSs were costly options. However, a new generation of GPS, portable navigation devices, is poised to make such features more affordable. The devices can evolve from smart phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs) owing to their small size, and become navigation devices when connected to a GPS receiver. These devices offer an advantage over VNSs, giving consumers use of the PDA for other applications. The technology is considered to be more flexible than some existing VNSs, and can be used both inside and outside the vehicle. The cellular phone is the most personal and ubiquitous device yet devised. Furthermore, some smart phones combined with 3G service, Wi-Fi and an operating system make them become ubiquitous and powerful tools. Dornan (2005) pointed out that more than a million consumers use their cellular phones or PDAs as navigation systems. Mobile devices, from cellular phones to PDAs are becoming increasingly powerful and increasingly useful in everyday life. The systems also use voice prompts over the handset's speakerphone. A user enters the driving destination into the phone through voice or keypad ; the phone then delivers direction instructions in real time, both graphically on the screen and verbally through the phone's speaker, as the user drives. These kinds of tools can be called portable navigation systems (PNSs).Owing to their mobile character, PNSs can display navigation information directly about the driver's line of vision and reduce the number and duration of the driver's sight deviations from the road if users place them in a position near the steering wheel, in line of sight with the road ahead. Kiefer (1991) and Kaptein (1994) pointed out that the car controlling performances of drivers using the HUD are better. However, Liu and Wen (2004) revealed that there were no significant differences in car handling. The speed of drivers using a HUD is, on average, faster than that of drivers having to look down at the dashboard (Iino et al., 1988 ;Kato et al., 1992). However, the researches by Hooey and Gore (1998), Kiefer and Liu and Wen indicated that no significant difference was found in average vehicle speed between the users of HUD and HDD.Earlier, in 1988, Zwahlen et al. investigated the safety issues of a VNS and examined the visual, safety and performance aspects of o...
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