Purpose Macrophages are highly plastic cells. Under different stimuli, macrophages can be polarized into several different subsets. Two main macrophage subsets have been suggested: classically activated or inflammatory (M1) macrophages and alternatively activated or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. Macrophage polarization is governed by a highly complex set of regulatory networks. Many recent studies have shown that macrophages are key orchestrators in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and that regulation of macrophage polarization may improve the prognosis of ALI/ARDS. A further understanding of the mechanisms of macrophage polarization is expected to be helpful in the development of novel therapeutic targets to treat ALI/ARDS. Therefore, we performed a literature review to summarize the regulatory mechanisms of macrophage polarization and its role in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Methods A computer-based online search was performed using the PubMed database and Web of Science database for published articles concerning macrophages, macrophage polarization, and ALI/ARDS. Results In this review, we discuss the origin, polarization, and polarization regulation of macrophages as well as the role of macrophage polarization in various stages of ARDS. According to the current literature, regulating the polarized state of macrophages might be a potential therapeutic strategy against ALI/ARDS.
Background The incidence of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in intensive care units is high. Dynamic monitoring of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is important to treat patients with these conditions. The World Society of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome revised IAP measurement and treatment guidelines in 2013. IAP is measured by instilling ≤25 mL of sterile saline into the bladder, but there is no requirement for the saline to be at a specific temperature. Many doctors presume that using cold saline will trigger bladder muscle spasms, resulting in measurement error. In the present study, we investigated the effect of body-temperature saline on IAP measurements. Material/Methods A single-center study was conducted in 12 patients with IAH over a 2-year period. IAP was measured via the bladder with instillation of sterile saline at temperatures of 35°C, 25°C, and 15°C. We analyzed the data using R software, version 4.1.0. Paired t tests were used for comparisons between groups. A Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed to compare groups. Analysis results were plotted using the R packages ggplot2, ggpubr, and BlandAltmanLeh. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results There was a significant difference in IAP measurement between the 15 ° C and 35 ° C groups ( t =−2.55, P =0.027). There was no significant difference between the 25 ° C and 35 ° C groups ( t =0.73, P =0.48). Bland-Altman analysis showed that IAP was consistent in the 25°C and 35°C groups. Conclusions Although it is preferable to measure IAP with saline at body temperature (35 ° C), a temperature >25 ° C is associated with accurate results. Using saline at <15 ° C should be avoided.
Background: This study was to collect clinical features and computed tomography (CT) findings of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) cases, and to evaluate the correlation between clinical data and the abnormal chest CT in patients with the Influenza-Like Illness symptoms.Methods: Patients with the Influenza-Like Illness symptoms who attended the emergency department of The Six Medical Center of The PLA General Hospital from February 10 to April 1, 2020 were enrolled. Clinical and imaging data of the enrolled patients were collected and analyzed. The association between clinical characteristics and abnormal chest CT was also analyzed.Results: A total of 148 cases were enrolled in this study. Abnormalities on chest CT were detected in 61/148 (41.2%) patients. The most common abnormal CT features were as follows: patchy consolidation 22/61(36.1%), ground-glass opacities 21/61(34.4%), multifocal consolidations 17/61(27.9%). The advanced age and underlying diseases were significantly associated with abnormal chest CT.Conclusions: Abnormal chest CT is a common condition in Influenza-Like Illness cases. The presence of advanced age and concurrent underlying diseases is significantly associated with abnormal chest CT findings in patients with ILI symptoms. The chest CT characteristic of ILI is different from the manifestation of COVID-19 infection, which is helpful for differential diagnosis.
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