faces, [9] biosensors, [10][11][12][13][14] actuators, [15,16] and flexible supercapacitors. [17,18] Transparency and ultrathin is also important requirements for biomedical electronics when applied in miniature smart electronic products. Conductive hydrogels are usually prepared by introducing conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles [19][20][21] or nanowires (silver, nickel), [22,23] carbon nanotubes [24] or graphite materials [25] directly into the polymer substrate. However, particle deposition and poor interfacial compatibility reduce the mechanical strength and electron transport capacity of the conductive hydrogels, and these conductive hydrogels are opaque. Transparent conductive hydrogels have been reported. Metal ions are also used to produce transparent conductive hydrogels because they act as carriers for electron conduction. [26] However, the stability of hydrogels is affected by the leakage of liquid metal ions. Moreover, transparent conductive hydrogels were prepared by in situ formation of polypyrrole (PPy) nanofibers in the polymer network. [27] However, the preparation of ultrathin films is limited by the composition of hydrogels. Conductive polymers are more compatible with human skin than inorganic metal material, making them particularly suitable for assembling electronic products that can undergo plastic deformation on dynamic, curved or elastic surfaces. However, the brittleness of CHs with conductive polymer as the key component in practical applications greatly limits their option. Conductive hydrogel networks constructed with conductive polymers are stable, including polyaniline (PANI), [28] polypyrrole (PPy), [29,30] polythiophene (PTh), [31] and so on, but the flexibility of such conductive hydrogels is limited by the inherent rigidity of conductive polymer chains.The semi-interpenetrating (semi-IPN) network structure provides an effective way for the construction of flexible CHs, [32][33][34] which inserts rigid conductive polymers into the flexible 3D network structure. Meanwhile, the 3D network structure of hydrogels can trap large amounts of water, [35] and its network structure and viscoelasticity are very similar to biological extracellular matrix composed of biological macromolecules. [36] Hence, deformation occurs when a certain amount of pressure Conductive hydrogels show promising applications in wearable electronic devices. However, it is still challenging to increase the conductivity as well as the mechanical performance of the conductive hydrogels. In addition, it is more challenging to fabricate ultrathin conductive films with good mechanical strength and high transparency. In this study, a metal-free flexible conductive hydrogel for flexible wearable strain sensor with high sensitivity is presented. The conductive hydrogel is prepared by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) templated polymerizing of polypyrrole (PPy) followed by gelating based on the polymerizing and cross-linking of polyacrylamide (PAAm). The conductive hydrogel is endowed excellent mechanical properties by ...
Stretchable conductive hydrogels are of great significance in wearable electronic devices and tissue engineering scaffolds. In this paper, the zwitterionic polymer network hydrogels are synthesized by radical co-polymerizing acrylic acid (AA) and methyl acryloyl oxygen ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) in aniline (ANI) aqueous solution followed by oxidation polymerization of ANI to form semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel. The conductive hydrogels are endowed excellent mechanical properties by synergistic effect of electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between the interpenetrating network of PANI and P(AA-co-DMC). The tensile strength reaches up to 0.173 MPa at 576% and the compression strength reaches up to 0.73 MPa at 80%. Meanwhile, the zwitterions and polyaniline ensure hydrogels to obtain conductivity (0.428 s m −1 ). In addition, the as-prepared conductive hydrogels can also be used as ionic skin to accurately monitor various movements of the human body, showing its potential applications in wearable devices and flexible electronic devices.
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