It has been proposed that the balance between osteogenic and adipogeneic MSC differentiation is disrupted in diverse areas of human health. Therefore, understanding the ties between PPAR- γand Wnt signaling in MSC differentiation has significant implications in diverse areas of human health, from obesity to osteoporosis to regenerative medicine.

We conclude that a large amount of HBL may occur in patients who underwent PLF surgery for degenerative spine. In addition, significant hidden loss may have a correlation with postoperative mortality. Multilevel fused, surgical time, and fibrinogen level should be paid close attention when considering strategies of fluid infusion and blood transfusion.

Osteoporosis is a common age-related disorder characterized by low bone mass and deterioration in bone microarchitecture, leading to increased skeletal fragility and fracture risk. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis is multifactorial. It is related to the imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts; reduced bone mass and increased adipogenesis in the bone marrow. Moreover, angiogenesis, inflammatory process and miRNAs have shown effects in the formation of osteoporosis. In the recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as an excellent choice for cell-based tissue engineering therapy of osteoporosis. Growing evidence showed that paracrine effect has been considered as the predominant mechanism for the role of MSCs in tissue repair. Recently, many studies have proposed that MSCs-derived exosomes are effective for a variety of diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, etc. However, whether the MSCs-derived exosomes could serve as a novel therapeutic tool for osteoporosis has not clearly described. In this review, we summarize the MSCs-derived exosomes and the relationship with osteogenesis, osteoclast differentiation, angiogenesis, immune processes and miRNAs. Finally, we suggest that MSCs-derived exosomes might be a promising therapeutic method for osteoporosis in the future.

High bone density and vertebral cortical bone defect are independent risk factors associated with bone cement leakage.

Blood-circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be used as potential biomarkers in various cancers. MiR-101 has been found to act as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types, but little is known for osteosarcoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate miR-101 expression in osteosarcoma patients and assess its correlation with clinical features and prognosis. Serum samples from 152 osteosarcoma patients and 70 healthy controls were detected using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The data showed that miR-101 expression levels were remarkably underexpressed in serum samples from osteosarcoma patients compared to controls, and the post-treatment serum miR-101 expression was significantly higher than that in the pre-treatment expression. Low serum miR-101 expression was positively associated with advanced clinical stage and distant metastasis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that serum miR-101 could serve as a useful marker for osteosarcoma diagnosis, with a high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, patients with high miR-101 expression had longer overall survival and recurrence free survival than those with low miR-101 expression. In addition, both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that serum miR-101 downregulation was associated with shorter overall survival and recurrence free survival. Our present results implicated serum miR-101 might be a useful biomarker for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of osteosarcoma.