Background: The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulating fruit quality, catalytic synthesizing of terpene, phenolics and esters, and improving stress resistance. However, the copy numbers, expression characteristics and associations with fruit aroma formation of the BAHD genes remain unclear. Results: In total, 717 BAHD genes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae, (Pyrus bretschneideri, Malus domestica, Prunus avium, Prunus persica, Fragaria vesca, Pyrus communis and Rubus occidentalis). Based on the detailed phylogenetic analysis and classifications in model plants, we divided the BAHD family genes into seven groups, I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV and V. An inter-species synteny analysis revealed the ancient origin of BAHD superfamily with 78 syntenic gene pairs were detected among the seven Rosaceae species. Different types of gene duplication events jointly drive the expansion of BAHD superfamily, and purifying selection dominates the evolution of BAHD genes supported by the small Ka/Ks ratios. Based on the correlation analysis between the ester content and expression levels of BAHD genes at different developmental stages, four candidate genes were selected for verification as assessed by qRT-PCR. The result implied that Pbr020016.1, Pbr019034.1, Pbr014028.1 and Pbr029551.1 are important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development. Conclusion: We have thoroughly identified the BAHD superfamily genes and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, expansion patterns, and expression characteristics in seven Rosaceae species, and we also obtained four candidate genes involved in aroma synthesis in pear fruit. These results provide a theoretical basis for future studies of the specific biological functions of BAHD superfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality.
Background The pivotal role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer immune responses has been well established. This study was conducted with the aim of exploring the molecular mechanism of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) in immune escape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Expression of lncRNA SNHG12, programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1), ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8), and human antigen R (HuR) in NSCLC tissues and cells was measured, and their binding relationship was determined. NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were co-cultured with NSCLC cells. The ratio of CD8+ T cells, PBMC proliferation, and inflammatory factors were determined. lncRNA SNHG12 localization was assessed via subcellular fractionation assay. The half-life period of mRNA was determined using actinomycin D. Xenograft tumor models were established to confirm the role of lncRNA SNHG12 in vivo. Results LncRNA SNHG12 was found to be prominently expressed in NSCLC tissues and cells, which was associated with a poor prognosis. Silencing lncRNA SNHG12 resulted in the reduction in proliferation and the promotion of apoptosis of NSCLC cells, while simultaneously increasing PBMC proliferation and the ratio of CD8+ T cells. Mechanically, the binding of lncRNA SNHG12 to HuR improved mRNA stability and expression of PD-L1 and USP8, and USP8-mediated deubiquitination stabilized the protein level of PD-L1. Overexpression of USP8 or PD-L1 weakened the inhibition of silencing lncRNA SNHG12 on the immune escape of NSCLC. Silencing lncRNA SNHG12 restricted tumor growth and upregulated the ratio of CD8+ T cells by decreasing USP8 and PD-L1. Conclusion LncRNA SNHG12 facilitated the immune escape of NSCLC by binding to HuR and increasing PD-L1 and USP8 levels.
Background. We for the first time examined the effects of a multiherb formula containing Crataegus pinnatifida (1 g daily), Alisma orientalis, Stigma maydis, Ganoderma lucidum, Polygonum multiflorum, and Morus alba on plasma lipid and glucose levels in Chinese patients with dyslipidemia. Methods. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 42 patients were randomized at a ratio of 1 : 1 to receive the herbal formula or placebo for 12 weeks and 40 patients completed the study. Lipid profiles, glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and laboratory safety parameters were performed before and after treatment. Results. The difference in the changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels between placebo and active treatment (−9%) was significantly (P < 0.05) better with active treatment. HbA1c levels significantly decreased by −3.9% in the active treatment group, but the change was not significantly different from that with placebo (−1.1%) (P = 0.098). There were no apparent adverse effects or changes in laboratory safety parameters with either treatment. Conclusions. The multiherb formula had mild beneficial effects on plasma LDL-C after 12-weeks treatment in subjects with dyslipidemia without any noticeable adverse effects.
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