The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) has warmed and expanded substantially over the past decades, which has significantly affected the hydrological cycle and global climate system. It is unclear how the IPWP will change in the future under anthropogenic forcing. Here, we quantify the human contribution to the observed IPWP warming/expansion and adjust the projected IPWP changes using an optimal fingerprinting method based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations. We find that more than 95% rapid warming and 85% expansion of the observed IPWP are detected and attributed to human influence. Furthermore, human activities affect IPWP warming through both greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols. The multiple model ensemble mean can capture the anthropogenic warming trend and underestimate the trend at some certain. After using the observation constrain, the IPWP warming is projected to increase faster than that of the ensemble mean in the 21st century, and the Indian Ocean warm pool is projected to expands more than previously expected. The rapid warming and expansion of IPWP in the rest of the 21st century will impact the climate system and the life of human beings.
Comparison of the Homegardens of Eight Cultural Groups in Jinping County, Southwest China. Species growing in 124 homegardens in 15 villages inhabited by 8 cultural groups living in Jinping County, southwest China, were recorded, together with information on the uses of the species and other features of the gardens. Data were gathered using key informant interviews, participatory observation, and ecological sampling. The results showed that production of food for domestic use was the main function of the gardens. Other uses included plants for income generation, household-level construction, local health care, and for ecological purposes (confined to higher altitude homegardens). The primary floristic variation in the gardens was related to climatic change with altitude, with variations in the use of the gardens to grow plants for local healthcare being also significant. Homegardens can be clustered into two groups based on floristic composition-lower altitude gardens (including Dai, Zhuang, Homg, and Lahu) and higher altitude gardens (including Yao, Yi, Hani, and Han). Both cultural conservatism and a readiness to adapt to new economic conditions are reflected in the characteristics of the gardens. Homegardens maintain considerable conservation value as repositories of several species of endangered plants and several species of medicinal plants that are over-collected in the wild. 中国云南金平县8个民族传统庭园的比较. 采用关键人物访谈、参与式观察和样方法对金平苗族瑶 族傣族自治县境内的8个民族15村寨124个传统庭园内的植物种类组成、用途及其它民族植物学知 识进行了调查。结果显示,研究地区传统庭园的主要功能是为庭园拥有人提供食物,其次还包括种 植一些经济植物以获取现金收入、提供家庭用建筑材料、提供日常所用的药材和生态用途(主要 在高海拔地区)等用途。根据研究地区庭园内植物种类组成明显分为低海拔庭园(包括傣、壮、苗 和拉祜)和高海拔庭园(包括瑶、彝、哈尼和汉)2组。庭园内的主要植物种类组成受海拔高度的影 响,传统医药知识保留状况也对其有一定影响。文化的保守性和对新经济环境的适应性都反映在 庭园的特征上。研究地区的传统庭园也对一些濒危植物和野生资源退化的植物物种的保护具有积 极意义。
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