When the Winter Olympic Games were held, several roads were divided into exclusive lanes for the Winter Olympics to ensure the smooth passage of Winter Olympic vehicles. This reduced the number of lanes available for private vehicles, which caused a temporary tidal traffic phenomenon that led to traffic congestion and increased exhaust emissions. Temporary reversible lanes were added to the object lane to alleviate the temporary tide traffic phenomenon. A bi-level programming model was developed based on the principle of the minimum construction cost and the minimum total travel time of the road network. Meanwhile, three heuristics algorithms were used to solve the problem. The results show that the reasonable addition of temporary reversible lanes during the Olympic Games can reduce the total system travel cost, solve the temporary tidal traffic phenomenon, and alleviate traffic congestion.
During the highway reconstruction and expansion, some lanes are often closed on the construction side to ensure that the construction is carried out normally. The presence of the work zone increases the traffic pressure on the construction side of the highway, causing traffic congestion, increased CO2 emissions from motor vehicles, and increasing environmental pollution. The bi-level programming model was developed based on the objective of minimizing the travel time and total CO2 emissions of the system so as to solve it using a quantum particle swarm algorithm with high convergence speed and high intelligence to form the lane optimization scheme for the three forms of reclosing and expanding six-lane highways in both directions. The results show that reasonable use of opposite non-construction lanes in the work zone of a partially closed highway expansion can reduce the total system travel cost, alleviate traffic congestion, reduce CO2 emissions, and contribute to the sustainable development of transportation, as well as the environment.
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