FePO 4 is an attractive cathode material for lithium batteries, but its practical capacity is limited by the poor lithium intercalation/ deintercalation kinetics. In this paper, a mesoporous structure has been imported into FePO 4 to improve the kinetics by a modified surfactant template method. Electrochemical tests showed that mesoporous FePO 4 fired at 450°C with P123/ ͑Fe+ P͒ molar ratio 0.039 delivered 120 mAh g −1 at 0.1C and 65 mAh g −1 at 3C, which was higher than that of reported amorphous and crystalline FePO 4 . These results help to understand the role of mesostructure in electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.Nanotechnology is playing a more and more important role in the development of advanced lithium batteries. [1][2][3][4] In the past several years, many nanostructured transition-metal oxides and transitionmetal phosphates have been reported to have good performance as electrode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, 5-8 and, in addition, porous material also find new applications in batteries, supercapacitors, and electrochemical sensors in addition to its traditional applications in catalysis, separation, ion exchange and optic devices. 9-17 For example, microelectromechanical system ͑MEMS͒ devices are making significant contributions in many areas including sensors and actuators, which cause urgent needs of threedimensional ͑3D͒ battery in micrometer or nanoscale. 1 Structure and morphology of electrode materials greatly impacts their electrochemical performances. Therefore, mesoporous materials could be appropriate candidates for 3D batteries because of three advantages brought by their special order 2D or 3D porous structure. 1,11 First, the porous structure facilitates the fast transport of electrolyte with lithium ions. Second, the large specific surface area of the materials can afford enough active sites for many lithium ions to simultaneously intercalate/deintercalate into them. Third, the thin pore wall of the materials can reduce the lithium ion diffusion path and thus enhance its performance. Some promising results have been published in recent years. For example, Zhou et al. 12 found ordered mesoporous carbon had a higher reversible capacity ͑Li x :C 6 = 2.3-3.0͒ with a good cycle performance as anode in lithium battery. But the exact mechanism of high reversible specific capacity is not clear. They also reported a mesoporous Li 3 Fe 2 ͑PO 4 ͒ 3 as cathode material with enhanced discharge behavior at first cycle. 13 A mesoporous tin phosphate/ Sn 2 P 2 O 7 composite anode, reported by Kim et al., 14 also showed enhanced specific capacity and excellent cycling performance because its mesoporous structure acted as a buffer layer to alleviate the volume expansion of the tin phosphate anode during lithiation/delithiation. Macroporous SnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , and LiNiO 2 can be synthesized by a colloidal crystal template method. 15,16 Sakamoto et al. 16 demonstrated that macroporous V 2 O 5 could deliver higher capacity at higher discharge rates because of the improv...
Six methodologically diverse studies addressed three fundamental questions about awe in consumers. First, to what extent is awe a relevant emotion in consumer experiences of products? A pilot study examined contents of tweets containing “awe” and showed that it was frequently used in people's voluntary expressions. Study 1 showed that products could elicit awe among a significant portion of consumers. Second, what kind of product triggers awe in consumers? Study 2 determined that descriptions of awe‐inspiring products typically featured four dimensions: timelessness, accommodation, beauty, and vastness. Studies 3 and 4 showed that only timelessness and accommodation could differentiate awe from admiration (Study 3) and love (Study 4) whereas beauty and vastness were not as important. The third question relates to the consequences produced by awe‐inspiring products. Study 3 showed that awe comprised a blend of positive and negative emotions. Studies 3 to 5 showed that awe not only made products more memorable but also enhanced consumers’ intentions to spread positive word‐of‐mouth publicity and to purchase the product. These findings shed light on the folk understanding and expression of this emotion and establish key landmarks in the hitherto uncharted consumer research domain of awe.
Purpose This paper aims to clarify an important nuance by proposing that people attribute human mind to brands on two distinct dimensions: think and feel. Design/methodology/approach Eight studies were conducted to first develop and validate the 14-item Brand Anthropomorphism Questionnaire, and then to investigate how the two subscales, think or feel dimensions, influence consumer moral judgment of brands. Findings This research developed a 14-item Brand Anthropomorphism Questionnaire with two subscales, which are psychometrically sound and show discriminant validity with regard to existing brand constructs. Furthermore, think or feel brand anthropomorphism dimensions can predict consumers’ moral judgment of brands. Research limitations/implications The present research offers preliminary evidence about the value of distinguishing between think brand and feel brand in consumer moral judgment. Further research could investigate other potential impact of the two dimensions, and possible antecedents of think/feel dimensions. Practical implications Managers can use the scale for assessment, planning, decision-making and tracking purposes. In addition, in the event of brand scandal or brand social responsibility activities, public-relations efforts can use the findings to earn or regain the trust of consumers, as this research demonstrates that marketers can shape (tailor) the feel or think dimensions of brand perception to change consumers’ moral judgment of the brands. Originality/value This research makes theoretical contribution to the brand anthropomorphism literature by differentiating the two dimensions and exploring the influence of anthropomorphism of consumer moral judgment.
What helps consumers extract the greatest happiness from their experiences? The current investigation is the first to introduce to the consumer literature the construct of anticipatory nostalgia, defined as missing aspects of the present before they vanish in the future. While personal nostalgia involves fond memories and longing for what has already been lost, anticipatory nostalgia involves missing what has not yet been lost. In four studies, we show that marketing communications can elicit anticipatory nostalgia, and this emotion can either enhance or reduce consumer enjoyment of the experience, depending on the experience valence or the individual's level of life satisfaction. Specifically, mediated by anxiety, anticipatory nostalgia decreased enjoyment and positive affect in pleasant situations, but it enhanced enjoyment and affect in unpleasant circumstances. Study 4 extended the paradigm to a real-life setting and showed that the impact of anticipatory nostalgia on enjoyment and meaningfulness can last as long as 8 h after the manipulation.
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