In the European collaborative MEXICO (Model Experiments in Controlled Conditions) project, a series of experiments was carried out on a 4.5 m diameter wind turbine rotor to validate numerical diagnostics tools. Here, some of the measured data are compared with computations of the combined actuator line/Navier-Stokes (AL/NS) model developed at the Technical University of Denmark. The AL/NS model was combined with a large eddy simulation technique and used to compute the flow past the MEXICO rotor in free air and in the DNW German-Dutch wind tunnel for three commonly defined test cases at wind speeds of 10, 15 and 24 m s 1 . Two sets of airfoil data were used. Comparisons of blade loadings showed that the AL/NS technique with the modified airfoil data is in better agreement with the measurements than with the original 2D airfoil data. Comparisons of detailed near-wake velocities showed good agreement with the measurements. Computations including the influence of the geometry of the wind tunnel showed that tunnel effects are not significant and the effect of the geometry of the wind tunnel only results in a speedup of 3% at a thrust coefficient of C T D 1.The AL/NS model developed at DTU consists of a Navier-Stokes solver and an actuator line model. The Navier-Stokes solver EllipSys2D/3D was originally developed at DTU 28 and Risø National Laboratory. 29 To take into account turbulence, 812 Wind Energ. 2012; 15:811-825
a b s t r a c tA new two-dimensional (2D) wake model is developed and validated in this article to predict the velocity and turbulence distribution in the wake of a wind turbine. Based on the classical Jensen wake model, this model is further employing a cosine shape function to redistribute the spread of the wake deficit in the crosswind direction. Moreover, a variable wake decay rate is proposed to take into account both the ambient turbulence and the rotor generated turbulence, different from a constant wake decay rate used in the Jensen model. The obtained results are compared to field measurements, wind tunnel experiments, and results of an advanced k À ω turbulence model as well as large eddy simulations. From the comparisons, it is found that the proposed new wake model gives a good prediction in terms of both shape and velocity amplitude of the wake deficit, especially in the far wake which is the region of interest for wind farm development projects.
A semiempirical acoustic generation model based on the work of Brooks, Pope, and Marcolini [NASA Reference Publication 1218 (1989)] has been developed to predict aerodynamic noise from wind turbines. The model consists of dividing the blades of the wind turbine into two-dimensional airfoil sections and predicting the total noise emission as the sum of the contribution from each blade element. Input is the local relative velocities and boundary layer parameters. These quantities are obtained by combining the model with a Blade Element Momentum (BEM) technique to predict local inflow characteristics to the blades. Boundary layer characteristics are determined from two-dimensional computations of airfoils. The model is applied to the Bonus 300 kW wind turbine at a wind speed of 8 m/s. Comparisons of total noise spectra show good agreement with experimental data.
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