We develop the invariant eigen-operator (IEO) theory proposed in the preceding study (Phys. Lett. A321 (2004) 75) to the pseudo-invariant eigen-operator (PIEO) method, with which we derive energy-level gap of two generalized Jaynes–Cummings models. The PIEO usually exists in some Hilbert space which is spanned by the eigenvectors of conservative quantities of the dynamic system.
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