Through agronomic traits and sequencing data, the cultivated and wild varieties of grapes and peaches were analyzed and compared in terms of fruit size, fruit flavor, fruit resistance, and fruit color. Cultivated grapes and peaches have advantages in fruit size, soluble sugar content, sugar and acid ratio, etc. Wild grapes and peaches have utility value in resistance. The results showed that there were 878 and 301 differentially expressed genes in cultivated and wild grapes and peaches in the three growth stages, respectively based on the next-generation sequencing study. Ten and twelve genes related to the differences between cultivated and wild grapes and peaches were found respectively. Among them, three genes, namely chalcone synthase (CHS), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH1) were present in both cultivated and wild grapes and peaches.
Background
Cashew is a widely attractive food in the world with high nutritional value for human health. The quality of cashew is closely associated with the flower coloration. However, the underlying mechanism of flower coloration of cashew was poorly understood. Here, we identified two cashew cultivars with variable flower coloration. Then, integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome was performed to explore the potential mechanisms.
Results
The results showed that 8 flavonoid compounds were markedly accumulated in red flower cashew, including taxifolin, procyanidin B2, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, L-epicatechin, chalconaringenin, luteolin, naringenin and chrysin. In particular, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and procyanidin B2 were key metabolites that promoted the formation of red flower coloration. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were also varied among these two cultivars. The flavonoid biosynthesis direction was reprogrammed to synthesize delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and procyanidin B2. Typically, four core genes encoding anthocyanin synthesis were also highly expressed in cashew with red flower, including CFI (TRINITY_DN4346_c0_g1), CHS2 (TRINITY_DN16129_c0_g1), CHS1 (TRINITY_DN2623_c0_g1) and F3H (TRINITY_DN8780_c0_g1).
Conclusions
This study sheds light on flavonoid metabolic pathways and candidate genes varied in two cashew cultivars and lays a foundation for the breeding programs of cashew.
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