We investigate the time average mean-square displacement delta;{2}[over ](x(t))=integral_{0};{t-Delta}[x(t;{'}+Delta)-x(t;{'})];{2}dt;{'}(t-Delta) for fractional Brownian-Langevin motion where x(t) is the stochastic trajectory and Delta is the lag time. Unlike the previously investigated continuous-time random-walk model, delta;{2}[over ] converges to the ensemble average x;{2} approximately t;{2H} in the long measurement time limit. The convergence to ergodic behavior is slow, however, and surprisingly the Hurst exponent H=3/4 marks the critical point of the speed of convergence. When H<3/4 , the ergodicity breaking parameter E_{B}=[[delta;{2}[over ](x(t))];{2}-delta;{2}[over ](x(t));{2}]/delta;{2}[over ](x(t));{2} approximately k(H)Deltat;{-1} , when H=3/4 , E_{B} approximately (9/16)(lnt)Deltat;{-1} , and when 3/41 ergodicity is broken and E_{B} approximately 2 . The critical point H=3/4 is marked by the divergence of the coefficient k(H) . Fractional Brownian motion as a model for recent experiments of subdiffusion of mRNA in the cell is briefly discussed, and a comparison with the continuous-time random-walk model is made.

A class of second order approximations, called the weighted and shifted Grünwald difference (WSGD) operators, are proposed for Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives, with their effective applications to numerically solving space fractional diffusion equations in one and two dimensions. The stability and convergence of our difference schemes for space fractional diffusion equations with constant coefficients in one and two dimensions are theoretically established. Several numerical examples are implemented to test the efficiency of the numerical schemes and confirm the convergence order, and the numerical results for variable coefficients problem are also presented.

In this paper, we study the stability of n-dimensional linear fractional differential equation with time delays, where the delay matrix is defined in (R + ) n×n . By using the Laplace transform, we introduce a characteristic equation for the above system with multiple time delays. We discover that if all roots of the characteristic equation have negative parts, then the equilibrium of the above linear system with fractional order is Lyapunov globally asymptotical stable if the equilibrium exist that is almost the same as that of classical differential equations. As its an application, we apply our theorem to the delayed system in one spatial dimension studied by Chen and Moore [Nonlinear Dynamics 29, 2002, 191] and determine the asymptotically stable region of the system. We also deal with synchronization between the coupled Duffing oscillators with time delays by the linear feedback control method and the aid of our theorem, where the domain of the control-synchronization parameters is determined.

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