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[1] We report two lower thermospheric-enhanced sodium layer (TeSL) cases observed at a low-latitude station, Lijiang, China (26.7°N, 100.0°E), on 10 March and 10 April 2012, respectively. The TeSLs in the two cases were located at altitudes near 122 and 112 km, respectively. In addition, strong sporadic sodium layers (SSLs) near 100 km accompanied the TeSL observed on 10 March 2012. Both the TeSLs and SSLs exhibited tidal-induced downward motion. The adjacent ground-based and space-borne ionospheric radio observations showed strong E s layers before the appearance of the TeSLs, suggesting an "E s -TeSLs (SSLs)" chain formed through the tidal wind shear mechanism. Assuming that the vertical tidal wavelengths remain unchanged, it is found that in different regions caused by the tidal wind shear, different TeSLs evolution processes are expected: (1) in a tidal-convergence region, a TeSL/SSL with a downward propagation phase is enhanced due to a rapid decrease in the Na + lifetime at the lower altitude; (2) in an ion convergencedivergence interface region, a TeSL/SSL will still follow the tidal downward phase progression, but sodium density does not exhibit evident enhancement; and (3) when a TeSL/SSL enters into a tidal wind-divergence zone, the layer density tends to decrease.

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Based on the observations, reanalysis and sea surface temperature (SST) data sets, the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of the decreasing spring persistent rainfall (SPR) over the Yangtze-Huai River Valley (YHRV) of China during 1960-2019 are revealed, and corresponding causes of the first leading two modes from the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on the SPR are also explored. Results indicate that the SPR decreases northwards and exhibits spatially consistent declining trends over the YHRV, with the maximum along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, attributing to the decrease in total spring rainfall over the YHRV. The first EOF mode of the SPR (EOF-1) over the YHRV shows a spatial mono-sign pattern, while the South Indian Ocean dipole plays an important role in modulating its variability. Among them, the warming SST in the southwestern Indian Ocean is more important for the spatially consistent decrease of the SPR over the YHRV. The second EOF mode of the SPR (EOF-2) over the YHRV exhibits a spatial distribution of north-south dipole pattern, while the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) contributes to the variation of EOF-2. The inter-decadal decreases of SPR at different rates are attributed to the transition between the first leading two EOF modes of SPR associated with the inter-decadal changes of the external forcing factors and atmospheric circulations. From mid-1970s to 1990s when the southern Indian Ocean SST increases rapidly, a mono-sign pattern of the SPR is observed with a rapid decrease SPR over the whole YHRV. Since the mid-1980s, when the NAO gradually reaches a predominantly positive phase, the SPR exhibits an increasing trend over the south of the YHRV, while a decreasing trend over the north part, causing the overall slowing of the precipitation decreasing trend.