English language has become a universal language to communicate with people worldwide in the era of globalisation as more global citizens take up English as a Second Language (ESL). Yet, ESL learners still face problems in becoming competent speakers of the English language which can impact their communication skills adversely in personal and professional settings. The use of Language learning strategies (LLS) among ESL learners can bring about proficient speaking skills and vice versa. This study aims to find out the extent of ESL learners' use of LLS in relation to their speaking skills. A survey research design was used and data was collected through an online survey questionnaire among Form 2 pupils from a rural Negeri Sembilan secondary school. The 15 close-ended questions adapted from Oxford, Cohen and Chi's Language Strategy Use Survey were formulated to inquire about pupils' use of English speaking learning strategies. The quantitative analysis of the questionnaire results revealed that most pupils never and seldom utilize speaking learning strategies when engaging in English discourse with exception of showing a significant use in the strategy of switching to their native language momentarily. This study of the aforementioned sample demonstrated that most adolescent ESL learners in Malaysian secondary schools use little to none English speaking skill learning strategies and use more of their native language to cope in English conversations. ESL policy makers, educators and researchers are needed to further encourage the ESL learners' active use of LLS for speaking and eventually enhance their speaking skills. Recommendations were provided for future studies in consideration of English language educators and researchers.
The effects of technological advancements, globalization and social progress has enabled researchers and teachers to rediscover and innovate methods of English Language Teaching (ELT) to English as a Second Language (ESL) learners worldwide where more non-native speakers of English who identified as bilinguals or multilinguals enroll in English language classes to develop essential skills for international communication. Yet, teachers in ESL education stand by standardized and classic ELT methodology to teach all types of learners with strong emphasis on English-only use in the classroom in hopes of producing competent users of the English language. This long standing point of view has continually ignored bilingual and multilingual learners' potentials of learning a target language (L2) more effectively by accessing all linguistic resources from their first language (L1) or other familiar languages as a unified system through the practice of translanguaging. Therefore, this systematic literature review paper intends to explore the extent of current researches on translanguaging as an ESL pedagogy or ELT then highlight the potentials, considerations and trends of teaching and learning ESL with translingualism. A total 14 empirical journal articles related to the teaching practice were analysed to find out patterns in relevant research aims or purposes, research settings, research participants' education and multilingual backgrounds, research designs and data analysis used and considerations for ESL translanguaging pedagogy. This paper serves as a guide for ESL educators and researchers on the current use of translanguaging for developing ESL skills productively as well as recommendations for future research.
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