The detection of apoptosis based on the interaction between annexin V and phosphatidylserine is presented in this paper. The in vitro experimental results demonstrate that annexin V in polyethylenimine film can maintain its high affinity with phosphatidylserine translocated from the inner to the outer plasma membrane of the apoptotic cells, which may consequently inhibit the redox reaction of [Ru(NH(3))(5)Cl](2+/+) at the annexin V and polyethylenimine comodified pyrolytic graphite electrode. Therefore, if Ca(2+), the required ion for the function of annexin V, is added into the test solution, the redox wave of [Ru(NH(3))(5)Cl](2+/+) can be clearly changed to indicate apoptosis and a simple and convenient method to detect apoptosis is developed.
The development of ultra-deep drilling and extended reach drilling present many critical challenges for the threaded connections. The reliability of threaded connections must be evaluated to ensure the structural and sealing integrity of drillstring in critical applications. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of threaded connections has been performed in this paper. Different types of loading composed of make-up torque, working torque, tension and bending loading are applied to the model. The makeup characteristics of threaded connections have been analyzed, and the reliability of threaded connections under severe conditions has been evaluated. The results show that von Mises stress distribution over threaded connections is highly uneven, tooth nearby two ends was bearing the most of load. It shows that ultra-deep drilling case is even more challenge than extend reach drilling case in the threaded connections, the reliability evaluation of threaded connections is important in those challenging drilling.
The peak noise level generated during cochleostomy differed obviously from specimen to specimen and ranged from 85.9 to 131.5 dB SPL. We found three cases in which the peak noise level exceeded 130 dB SPL when the running burr touched the endosteal membrane.
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