Due to the disadvantage of the traditional proppant, such as the low strength, poor acid corrosion resistance, embedding and flowback and so on, a new coated proppant was developed to deal with these problems. As the coating material, the natural gel was used to coat proppant. Different from the traditional mechanical mixing method, the means to make coated ceramic was the solvent dispersion method through the process of emulsification, cross-linking and dehydration dispersion. The strength of coated proppant was tested in different coated conditions. According to the result of test, the ceramic was coated under the optimum condition. Then the roundness, sphericity, acid solubility, crush resistance and surface structure of coated ceramic were compared with the uncoated ceramic. The experimental results showed that the optimal condition was as follows: 0.08 g/ml of gel concentration, 15/2 of ceramic/gel (g/g), 0.025 g/ml of emulsifier concentration, 20min of emulsifying time, 1/10 of water/oil rate. The coated ceramic prepared at this condition had the best performance, compared with the common ceramic, and its sphericity and acid solubility were greatly improved, bulk density reduced 7%. And the proppant surface was very smooth, the crush resistance was almost zero.
During the pigging process, a pig labeled with magnets can be effectively detected by monitoring the magnetic fluctuation (MF) introduced when the pig passes by. In order to analyze the influence of various factors on the MF, the principle for magnetic fluctuation detection (MFD) is described, and a detection model is established here. The influence of model parameters, such as pipeline geometries, geomagnetic characteristics, as well as permeability of pipeline, on the magnetic anomaly distribution along the measured line is analyzed. The study reveals that with the increase in pipeline parameters (thickness, permeability, and outer diameter), the MF detected decreases. The pipeline length will have little influence on the MF. With an increased number of magnets, the MF increases while remaining almost unchanged at two ends of the measuring line. Attention should be paid to the installation of magnets to ensure the consistency of the magnetic moments. With the increase in geomagnetic intensity and declination, the MF will be almost unaffected, while the change of geomagnetic inclination will introduce an obvious change to the MF. In field application, measuring points can be set along and above the pipeline with a certain interval. From the magnetic anomaly measured, it can be determined whether the pig has passed by the point or not.
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