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Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have been demonstrated to absorb SO(2) efficiently. However, after absorbing a large amount of SO(2), the viscosity, the conductivity, and the density of the ILs have not been studied systematically, and the mechanism of the interaction between SO(2) and ILs is still being disputed. In this work, two kinds of ILs (task-specific ILs and normal ILs) have been studied to absorb pure SO(2) at atmospheric pressure. It is found that the viscosity, the conductivity, and the density show different behaviors between task-specific ILs and normal ILs. For the task-specific ILs to absorb SO(2), before a 0.5 mol ratio of SO(2) to IL, the viscosity and density increase, and the conductivity decreases with an increase of the mole ratio of SO(2) to IL. After that, the conductivity and density increase, and the viscosity decreases with further increasing the mole ratio of SO(2) to IL. However, for the normal ILs, the conductivity and density increase and the viscosity decreases with an increase of the mole ratio of SO(2) to IL. A new mechanism of ILs absorbing SO(2) has been proposed. Task-specific ILs can chemically absorb SO(2) when the mole ratio of SO(2) to IL is not more than 0.5, and they can physically absorb SO(2) when the mole ratio is more than 0.5. The normal ILs can only physically absorb SO(2).

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Novel deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on three different hydrogen-bond donors (HBD), namely phenol, o-cresol, and 2,3-xylenol, and choline chloride (ChCl) were successfully synthesized with different mole ratios of HBD to ChCl. Melting temperature of these DES were measured. Compared with an ideal mixture of the two components, the freezing temperature of the DES depresses greatly from (120 to 127) K. The physical properties, such as density, viscosity, and conductivity of phenol-based and o-cresol-based DES were determined at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from (293.2 to 318.2) K at an interval of 5 K. The results show that the type of HBD, the mole ratio of HBD to ChCl, and temperature have great influences on the physical properties of DES. Densities and viscosities of DES formed by phenol and ChCl decrease with increases of temperature and phenol content. The conductivities of the DES are from (1.40 to 7.06) mS·cm–1, similar to that of room temperature ionic liquids. The conductivities of the DES increase with an increase of temperature, and reach the highest values at phenol to ChCl mole ratios of 4.00 to 5.00. The temperature dependence of densities and conductivities for these DES were correlated by an empirical second-order polynomial with relative deviations less than 0.91 %, and the viscosities were fitted to the VTF equation with relative deviations less than 0.52 %.

Ammonium salts have been used to efficiently separate phenols from oils (where hexane, toluene and p-xylene were used as model oils) by forming a deep eutectic solvent, which is a nonaqueous process and avoids the use of mineral alkalis and acids that produces phenol containing waste water.

Abstract:Microgrids have become a hot topic driven by the dual pressures of environmental protection concerns and the energy crisis. In this paper, a challenge for the distributed control of a modern electric grid incorporating clusters of residential microgrids is elaborated and a hierarchical multi-agent system (MAS) is proposed as a solution. The issues of how to realize the hierarchical MAS and how to improve coordination and control strategies are discussed. Based on MATLAB and ZEUS platforms, bilateral switching between grid-connected mode and island mode is performed under control of the proposed MAS to enhance and support its effectiveness.

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