Distance learning becomes the new trend of development. When learners conduct distance learning, the features and the free status of distance learning make it easy for students to become distracted or unfocused in their learning. Therefore, design a material with cues based on “Central Cue” and “Peripheral Cue” from “Attentional Cuing Paradigm” to explore two cues that represent “endogenous” and “exogenous” attentional cueing by using multimedia video learning, to check whether it can effectively enhance the focus on the target area of interest (AOI) and the impact of the learning achievements and varieties. Detect learners’ eye movements and patterns by an eye tracker to analyze the relationship between learners’ watching patterns and learning achievements. In addition, we use two-tier testing combined with self-explanation prompts for design, including the menu-based self-explanation strategy on the first level and the open-ended self-explanation strategy on the second level. Explore whether the two-tier self-explanation strategy will have better self-explanation learning achievements than the single-tier self-explanation strategy or not. The results show that learners using the central cue representing endogenous attentional cueing can effectively focus on the target AOI. The two-tier self-explanation strategy can help learners improve their learning achievement, learning motivation, and reflection.
The enzyme 2,3‐Butanediol dehydrogenase (BDH) plays important roles in reduction of acetoin to 2,3‐butanediol which is an important platform chemical with many industrial applications. Here, a TcBDH cDNA (1348 bp) encoding a putative BDH was cloned from Taiwanofungus camphorata. The deduced amino acid sequence is similar to the BDHs from other species. A 3‐D structural model of TcBDH has been constructed based on the known structure of Pseudomonas putida formaldehyde dehydrogenase (PpFdh, PDB code 1KOL). To characterize the TcBDH protein, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector pYEX‐S1 and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant His6‐tagged TcBDH was expressed and purified by Ni2+‐nitrilotriacetic acid Sepharose. The purified enzyme showed a single band of ~50 kD on 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Michaelis constant (KM) value of the recombinant enzyme for acetoin was 8.46 mM. The enzyme’s optimal pH was 6.
Grant Funding Source: National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan under grant NSC 100‐2313‐B‐019‐003‐MY3
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