Fruits and vegetables waste byproducts could be utilized as a good source of cheap antioxidants for improving human health and reducing the risks of some chronic diseases. Results from examining industrial apple waste revealed that the total polyphenolic content in nonextractable polyphenols (NEPPs) reached 539.84 ± 8.90 mg as gallic acid equivalents/1 g of dry wt. in comparison to 77.26 ± 11.53 mg dry wt. of extractable polyphenols (EPPs). The antioxidant activities of NEPPs reported as percentage reduction in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2'.2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt were 89.76 ± 0.93% and 99.78 ± 0.38%, respectively. In addition, the antiproliferation study on human HeLa, HepG2, and HT-29 cancer cells showed that NEPPs at the concentration of 1 mg/mL had significant inhibitory effects against all tested cancer cells (46.2% to 95%), where EPP showed lower effect (3.9% to 22.2%). These results clearly indicated that NEPPs from industrial apple waste could be a good source of natural antioxidants with significant antiproliferation efficacy against human cancer cells.
Waste food by-products represent a major disposal problem for the food industry, and they are often used as animal feed or fertilizers. This study examined the possible utilization of tomato waste as good sources of lycopene. Results revealed that lab-prepared tomato waste (LPTW) contains significantly (p<0.05) a larger amount of lycopene (57.87±5.30 µg/g fresh wt.) than industrial tomato waste by-products (ITWBP) (27.11±0.83 µg/g fresh wt.). The average amounts of extracted lycopene obtained from ultrasonication, freeze drying, and their combination were 45.51±1.84, 104.10±1.23 and 138.82±6.64 µg/g fresh wt., respectively. Subjecting ITWBP to freeze drying and to ultrasonication separately increased their lycopene contents by 2.8 and 0.68 folds, respectively. However, applying the combined treatment of freeze drying and ultrasonication (45 min at 50 Hz) increased the yield of extracted lycopene from industrial tomato waste by 4.12 folds. Antioxidants scavenging capacity of FDITW calculated as % reduction in the DPPH and ABTS free radicals using1.5mg freeze dried industry tomato waste were 49.64±0.44 and 12.3±0.11, respectively.
Salmonellosis is a major cause of gastrointestinal infection that generally occurs through the ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water. Molecular markers based on the gyrase B (gyrB) gene sequence, a Type II DNA topoisomerase subunit enzyme family member, were developed to specifically and sensitively discriminate Salmonella spp. from closely related and collocated microorganisms in a water environment. For this, gyrB gene sequences of Salmonella spp., E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella spp. were aligned and found up to 88% similar. Markers amplified from primers specific to the Salmonella gyrB sequences were conserved across 13 S. enterica and one S. bongori serovar, and were able to detect approximately one S. Enteritidis genome. These were more specific and sensitive than the international standard invA gene-based Salmonella marker. The gyrB markers detected 725 Salmonella genomes in 100 mL of seeded environmental water sediment sample and 72 Salmonella genomes in 300 g of seeded minced samples. Successful detection of Salmonella in non-inoculated minced samples was also achieved, with higher sensitivity than the invA markers. These makers should be useful in future risk analyses and standards setting for Salmonella presence in food, and water used for irrigation and recreational purposes.
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