Based on an SBM model, this paper first analyzes the spatial differences of urban industrial land use efficiency (UILUE) in the six main economic zones of China. Then, we analyze the dynamic changes in the urban industrial land's total factor productivity (UILTFP) by using the Malmquist productivity index approach, and we examine the UILTFP's convergence. The results show that the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta have a higher UILUEs but show downward trends in UILTFPs. The other four zones, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Chengdu-Chongqing, Guanzhong-Tianshui and the Central Plains, show poorer UILUEs but have upward trends in UILTFPs. A significant excess supply of industrial land and labor exists in all six zones, and the zones in economically developed areas perform better in industrial output. The results of the convergence test do not support σ-convergence but support conditional β-convergence for all zones. These results indicate that the gaps in the UILTFP of industrial land in all six zones, in fact, do not narrow, and the UILTFPs of cities will converge to their own steady states. The regression results of the influencing factors show that the urbanization rate should be increased in the Pearl River Delta and reduced in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. The Yangtze River Delta and Chengdu-Chongqing should pay more attention to the problem of industrial labor surplus, and the Pearl River Delta should reduce the proportion of industrial output. All zones should focus on improving the quality of the industrial economy and the land use intensity.
This essay explores the recent phenomenon associated with tourists’ adaptability to new services driven by technologies and proposes the concept of tourist innovation as the theoretical underpinnings describing tourists’ adaptability to novel services. To glean the underlying concept of tourist innovation, a series of in-depth personal interviews are deployed. An online survey containing 40 indicators representing the innovation dimensions is distributed that gathers 524 useable responses from air travelers. In the data analysis, a parsimonious model derived from a confirmatory factor analysis validates a four-dimensional solution: (1) novelty seeking, (2) vigilance, (3) hedonic experience seeking, and (4) social distinctiveness. This scale is explained by 10-item tourist innovation measurement, wherein the validity of the resultant scale is achieved.
Purpose
This paper aims to reveal the similarities and variances in activity patterns among those traveling alone and with a different mix of travel companions in the context of nature-based tourism.
Design/methodology/approach
In this research, five different travel parties (alone, with small children, with older children, with friends and with partner) and 25 tourist activities are research variables. The study selects Norway as the destination country in relation to activity patterns. Its data, collected from a questionnaire survey of residents from the United Kingdom, Sweden and France, contain 6,935 responses.
Findings
The study finds that traveling with a partner is the preferred mix for traveling to Norway. A correspondence analysis on activity patterns reveals that traveling with friends and traveling with a partner show some similarities in activity patterns, where the other three groups prove notable differences in activity patterns compared to these two groups.
Originality/value
The study empirically tests the relationship between the mix of travel party and the choice of tourist activity in the context of nature-based tourism in Norway. It provides new market insights that can assist tourism businesses to further tailor products and services to traveling public involving different types of companions.
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