Polyurethane (PU) foam adhesives were prepared from castor oil as a polyol with isocyanate poly(4,4’-methylene diphenyl isocyanate) (PMDI) using a solvent-free process. The NCO/OH molar ratio used for the preparation of PU foams was 1.5. Water, organosiloxane and dibutyltin dilaurate were used as the blowing agent, surfactant and catalyst, respectively. The ratio of blowing agent and catalyst were adjusted to optimize the properties. The results show that PU foam prepared with 4 wt % of castor oil catalyst and blowing agent has minimal water absorption and maximal volume expansion in the PU foams. FT-IR analysis shows that a urethane bond was formed by the hydroxyl group of castor oil and the –NCO group of isocyanate PMDI. More blowing agent and catalyst could improve the volume expansion ratio and reduce water retention of PU foams. It was found that Moso bamboo charcoal (Phyllostachys pubescens) and China fir wood particle (Cunninghamia lanceolate) composites with setting densities of 500 and 600 kg/m3 can be prepared from optimized castor oil-based PU foam adhesive at 100 °C for 5 min under a pressure of 1.5 MPa. Increasing the amount of bamboo charcoal decreases the equilibrium moisture content, water absorption and internal bonding strength of the composite. Notably, bamboo charcoal composite exhibits excellent dimensional stability. The optimized density and bamboo charcoal percentages of the composite were 500 kg/m3 and 50–100%, respectively. The castor oil-based PU composites containing bamboo charcoal fulfilled the CNS 2215 standards for particleboard. This dimensionally stable, low-density bamboo charcoal composite has high potential to replace current indoor building materials.
Polyurethane (PU) foam adhesives were prepared from castor oil as a polyol with isocyanate poly (4,4′-methylene diphenyl isocyanate) (PMDI) using a solvent-free process. The NCO/OH molar ratio used for the preparation of PU foams was 1.5. Water, organosiloxane and dibutyltin dilaurate were blowing agent, surfactant and catalyst, respectively. Effects of the ratio of blowing agent and catalyst were adjusted to optimize the properties. The results show that 4 wt% of castor oil of catalyst and blowing agent minimizes water absorption and maximizes volume expansion in the PU foams. FT-IR analysis shows that urethane bond was formed by hydroxyl group of castor oil and –NCO group of isocyanate PMDI. More blowing agent and catalyst could improve the volume expansion ratio and reduce water retention of PU foams. It was found that Moso bamboo charcoal (Phyllostachys pubescens) or/and China fir wood particle (Cunninghamia lanceolate) composites with setting densities of 500 and 600 kg/m3 can be prepared from optimized castor oil-based PU foam adhesive at 100 °C for 5 min under a pressure of 1.5 MPa. Increasing the amount of bamboo charcoal decreases the equilibrium moisture content, water absorption and internal bonding strength of the composite. Notably, bamboo charcoal composite exhibits excellent dimensional stability. The optimized density and bamboo charcoal percentages of the composite were 500 kg/m3 and 50 to 100%. The castor oil-based PU composites containing bamboo charcoal fulfilled the CNS 2215 standards for particleboard. This dimensionally stable, low-density bamboo charcoal composite has high potential to replace current indoor building materials.
In vitro cell motility assays are frequently used in the study of cell migration in response to anti-cancer drug treatment. Microfluidic systems represent a unique tool for the in vitro analysis of cell motility. However, they usually rely on using time-lapse microscopy to record the spatial temporal locations of the individual cells being tested. This has created a bottleneck for microfluidic systems to perform high-throughput experiments due to requirement of a costly time-lapse microscopy system. Here, we describe the development of a portable microfluidic device for endpoint analysis of cell motility. The reported device incorporates a cell alignment feature to position the seeded cells on the same initial location, so that the cells' motilities can be analyzed based on their locations at the end of the experiment after the cells have migrated. We show that the device was able to assess cancer cell motility after treatment with a migration inhibitory drug Indole-3-carbinol on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, demonstrating the applicability of our device in screening anti-cancer drug compounds on cancer cells.
70% Nylon 6 fiber and 30% low melting polyester fiber were manufactured into nonwoven fabrics, after which the nonwoven fabrics and Nylon 66 grids were needle-punched and heat-treated, forming the Nonwoven/ Nylon 66 grid composite fabrics. The optimum parameter for heat treatment was 150°C for 5 minutes, improving the mechanical property of the composite fabrics. Subsequently, with a fixed pick-up ratio of 200%, two waterborne PU resin (SE-5030 and SE-5070) with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% of cross-linking agent were used, offering the impregnation for Nonwoven/ Nylon 66 composite fabrics. After impregnation, the Nonwoven/ Nylon 66 grid composite fabrics were measured with drop tower stab testing, quasistatic stab testing and tensile strength testing. SE-5030 contributed greater tensile strength to the composite fabrics (1129.5 N in cross machine direction (CD) and of 816.4 N in machine direction(MD)); however, SE-5070 offered the composite fabrics the optimum stab-resistance strength of 69.9 N.
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