Centrality is one of the most studied concepts in network analysis. Despite an abundance of methods for measuring centrality in social networks has been proposed, each approach exclusively characterizes limited parts of what it implies for an actor to be "vital" to the network. In this paper, a novel mechanism is proposed to quantitatively measure centrality using the re-defined entropy centrality model, which is based on decompositions of a graph into subgraphs and analysis on the entropy of neighbor nodes. By design, the re-defined entropy centrality which describes associations among node pairs and captures the process of influence propagation can be interpreted explained as a measure of actor potential for communication activity. We evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model by using four real-world datasets with varied sizes and densities and three artificial networks constructed by models including Barabasi-Albert, Erdos-Renyi and Watts-Stroggatz. The four datasets are Zachary's karate club, USAir97, Collaboration network and Email network URV respectively. Extensive experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The current study explored the dynamics between economic growth and overseas investment, using time series annual data from China. For empirical analysis, we utilized asymmetric ARDL technique, which documents the potential asymmetric effects of outward foreign direct investment on economic growth in both the long run and short run. The empirical results suggest that ignoring the intrinsic asymmetries may conceal the true information about the equilibrium relationship among the variables and thus lead to misleading results. Particularly, the findings revealed that economic growth in China responds positively but differently to an increase and decrease in its overseas investment. The empirical evidence obtained through asymmetric model seemed to be superior to that of symmetric model and thus leads to more efficient policymaking to achieve sustainable economic development. Our study contributes to the existing literature by providing new insights on the outward foreign direct investment-led growth hypothesis. The findings suggest that firms investing abroad can bring source country benefits by securing access to key input factors and accessing advanced foreign technology.
This research investigates the impact of the internal social network on new venture's innovation by building a comprehensive structural equation modeling (SEM) that integrates three streams of research: internal social network, innovation, and absorptive capacity. Based on a sample of 279 new ventures from China, the current study's results show that absorptive capacity plays a full mediating effect in the relationship of the internal social network and innovation. Particularly, among the skill set of absorptive capacity, a mere skill of knowledge acquisition does not guarantee an enhancement of new venture's innovation. For new ventures to better utilize the social capital generated by the internal network in the process of innovation, they must focus more on the skills of knowledge digestion and knowledge application. The authors further separate the new ventures into two different sub-samples: the new venture supported by mature enterprises (M-type) and the independent new venture (I-type). This study's findings indicate that the effect of the social network on innovation through knowledge digestion is greater in the M-type sample than in the I-type sample; internal social network heterogeneity in general plays a less important role in improving a new venture's innovation than internal social network density, for both M-type and I-type new ventures.Among the numerous studies and reports on innovation, a general belief was that innovation processes are interactive processes [8]. The "interactive" here actually suggests a "social network" concept. To have an innovation project work out, it requires an active involvement of personnel from different organizational bases [9], such as scientists, designers, marketers, end users, and even external partners. According to Felix et al. [10], network could provide a good cross-functional structure for firms to implement new initiatives that need joint work from all employees and departments, such as social media marketing, innovation and so on. Previous research has greatly emphasized the effect of inter-organizational or external networks on firms' innovation [3,[11][12][13][14][15], as external partners might provide a variety of supports to the innovative firm [16]. However, the fact that firms innovate based on their internal structure [17] is somewhat neglected; the generation of new ideas often starts within the firm and the implementation is necessarily controlled by the firm itself. Google is a typical example of an organization that is committed to utilizing "internal social capital", encouraging its employees to innovate from within rather than looking outside for new ideas. Google has attracted and retained a lot of creative talents in doing so, and quickly grew into a monopoly in the online space. The success of Google evidences the fundamental role of an internal social network in boosting innovation.Numerous studies have provided evidence on how internal resources, such as human resources [18], technological capability [19], and so on, would affect a firm's...
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