The effects of pure multiplicative noise on stochastic resonance in an anti-tumor system modulated by a seasonal external field are investigated by using theoretical analyses of the generalized potential and numerical simulations. For optimally selected values of the multiplicative noise intensity quasisymmetry of two potential minima and stochastic resonance are observed. Theoretical results and numerical simulations are in good quantitative agreement. Chemotherapy remains a traditional option for most advanced cancer. Immunotherapy, however, is a less conventional treatment modality. Usually, chemotherapy and immunotherapy have been regarded as unrelated, so relatively little research has investigated the relationship between these two therapies. Chemotherapy kills tumor cells in a special way periodically, but immunotherapy restrains the growth of tumor cells in a more likely linear way [1,2]. Since these different responses of tumor cells to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, when taken together, they imply that there is an interesting and significative case for combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy in tumor treatment.More than ever, cancer research is now an interdisciplinary effort which requires a basic knowledge of commonly used terms, facts, issues, and concepts. In the past decade, many studies have focused on the growth law of tumor cells via dynamics approach, specially using noise dynamics [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Phase transition of tumor growth induced by noises is one of the most novel foundations in recent years. Another phenomenon-known as stochastic resonance (SR) -shows that adding noise to a system can sometimes improve its ability to transfer information. The basic three ingredients of stochastic resonance are a threshold, a noise source and a weak input, it is clear that stochastic resonance is a common case and generic enough to be observable in a large variety of nonlinear dynamical systems [10,11]. Thus, it is reasonable to believe that SR can also occur in a tumor dynamical system.The mean field approximate analysis is a conventional theory for SR. It is originally proposed for symmetrical bistable systems with additive noise source [12]. The improvements of the theory of SR have included monostable systems [13,14], asymmetrical systems [15] and double-noises systems [16][17], but in all these studies the system has an additive noise source and an independent external field. To pure multiplicative noise systems, especially to many complex dynamical systems, it is still far difficult to solve them exactly, thus numerical methods are comparatively convenient options to solve these complex dynamical systems [18,19].In this letter, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are joined by an anti-tumor model with three elements, which are (1) a fluctuation of growth rate, (2) an immune form, and (3) a weak seasonal modulability induced by chemotherapy. Based on the analyses on its unique stochastic differential equation and relevant Fokker-Planck equation, we investigate a new type of SR phenomenon of an...

We present the calibration strategy for the 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). By utilizing a comprehensive multiple-source and multiple-positional calibration program, in combination with a novel dual calorimetry technique exploiting two independent photosensors and readout systems, we demonstrate that the JUNO central detector can achieve a better than 1% energy linearity and a 3% effective energy resolution, required by the neutrino mass ordering determination.

Thermal rectification in thickness asymmetric graphene nanoribbons connecting single-layer with multi-layer graphene is investigated by using classical nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. It is reported that the graphene nanoribbons with thickness-asymmetry have a good thermal rectification. The thermal rectification factor depends on temperature as well as the thickness-ratio of the two-segment. Our results provide a direct evidence that the thermal rectifier can be achieved in a nanostructure crossing two-and three-dimension.

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) features a 20 kt multi-purpose underground liquid scintillator sphere as its main detector. Some of JUNO's features make it an excellent location for B solar neutrino measurements, such as its low-energy threshold, high energy resolution compared with water Cherenkov detectors, and much larger target mass compared with previous liquid scintillator detectors. In this paper, we present a comprehensive assessment of JUNO's potential for detecting B solar neutrinos via the neutrino-electron elastic scattering process. A reduced 2 MeV threshold for the recoil electron energy is found to be achievable, assuming that the intrinsic radioactive background U and Th in the liquid scintillator can be controlled to 10 g/g. With ten years of data acquisition, approximately 60,000 signal and 30,000 background events are expected. This large sample will enable an examination of the distortion of the recoil electron spectrum that is dominated by the neutrino flavor transformation in the dense solar matter, which will shed new light on the inconsistency between the measured electron spectra and the predictions of the standard three-flavor neutrino oscillation framework. If eV , JUNO can provide evidence of neutrino oscillation in the Earth at approximately the 3 (2 ) level by measuring the non-zero signal rate variation with respect to the solar zenith angle. Moreover, JUNO can simultaneously measure using B solar neutrinos to a precision of 20% or better, depending on the central value, and to sub-percent precision using reactor antineutrinos. A comparison of these two measurements from the same detector will help understand the current mild inconsistency between the value of reported by solar neutrino experiments and the KamLAND experiment.

JUNO is a massive liquid scintillator detector with a primary scientific goal of determining the neutrino mass ordering by studying the oscillated anti-neutrino flux coming from two nuclear power plants at 53 km distance. The expected signal anti-neutrino interaction rate is only 60 counts per day (cpd), therefore a careful control of the background sources due to radioactivity is critical. In particular, natural radioactivity present in all materials and in the environment represents a serious issue that could impair the sensitivity of the experiment if appropriate countermeasures were not foreseen. In this paper we discuss the background reduction strategies undertaken by the JUNO collaboration to reduce at minimum the impact of natural radioactivity. We describe our efforts for an optimized experimental design, a careful material screening and accurate detector production handling, and a constant control of the expected results through a meticulous Monte Carlo simulation program. We show that all these actions should allow us to keep the background count rate safely below the target value of 10 Hz (i.e. ∼1 cpd accidental background) in the default fiducial volume, above an energy threshold of 0.7 MeV.

We report on a simple model of spatial extend anti-tumor system with a fluctuation in growth rate, which can undergo a nonequilibrium phase transition. Three states as excited, sub-excited and non-excited states of a tumor are defined to describe its growth. The multiplicative noise is found to be double-face: The positive effect on a non-excited tumor and the negative effect on an excited tumor.

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The OSIRIS detector is a subsystem of the liquid scintillator filling chain of the JUNO reactor neutrino experiment. Its purpose is to validate the radiopurity of the scintillator to assure that all components of the JUNO scintillator system work to specifications and only neutrino-grade scintillator is filled into the JUNO Central Detector. The aspired sensitivity level of $$10^{-16}\hbox { g/g}$$ 10 - 16 g/g of $$^{238}\hbox {U}$$ 238 U and $$^{232}\hbox {Th}$$ 232 Th requires a large ($$\sim 20\,\hbox {m}^3$$ ∼ 20 m 3 ) detection volume and ultralow background levels. The present paper reports on the design and major components of the OSIRIS detector, the detector simulation as well as the measuring strategies foreseen and the sensitivity levels to U/Th that can be reached in this setup.