Cyperus esculentus produces large amounts of oil as one of the main oil storage reserves in underground tubers, making this crop species not only a promising resource for edible oil and biofuel in food and chemical industry, but also a model system for studying oil accumulation in non-seed tissues. In this study, we determined the chloroplast genome sequence of the cultivated C. esculentus (var. sativus Boeckeler). The results showed that the complete chloroplast genome of C. esculentus was 186,255 bp in size, and possessed a typical quadripartite structure containing one large single copy (100,940 bp) region, one small single copy (10,439 bp) region, and a pair of inverted repeat regions of 37,438 bp in size. Sequence analyses indicated that the chloroplast genome encodes 141 genes, including 93 protein-coding genes, 40 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. We also identified 396 simple-sequence repeats and 49 long repeats, including 15 forward repeats and 34 palindromes within the chloroplast genome of C. esculentus. Most of these repeats were distributed in the noncoding regions. Whole chloroplast genome comparison with those of the other four Cyperus species indicated that both the large single copy and inverted repeat regions were more divergent than the small single copy region, with the highest variation found in the inverted repeat regions. In the phylogenetic trees based on the complete chloroplast genomes of 13 species, all five Cyperus species within the Cyperaceae formed a clade, and C. esculentus was evolutionarily more related to C. rotundus than to the other three Cyperus species. In summary, the chloroplast genome sequence of the cultivated C. esculentus provides a valuable genomic resource for species identification, evolution, and comparative genomic research on this crop species and other Cyperus species in the Cyperaceae family.
As a monocotyledonous plant in family Cyperaceae, yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) is unique in accumulating a substantial amount of oil in underground tubers and provides a model system for studying oil accumulation in nonseed tissues. However, no data on the mitochondrial and nuclear genome sequences of this species are available, which greatly limits our understanding of its evolutionary characteristics and some essential biological mechanisms. In the present study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the cultivated yellow nutsedge. The analysis of the genome showed that the yellow nutsedge mitochondrial genome is 1,002,696 bp in size and encodes 62 genes consisting of 36 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), 20 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and six ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Compared with other angiosperms, yellow nutsedge mitochondrial genome contains much higher percentage of noncoding sequences (95.36%). Sixteen plastid‐derived fragments were identified to be strongly associated with mitochondrial genes including one intact plastid‐related gene (ndhH). Comparative analysis with seven other sequenced plant mitochondrial genomes revealed that two syntenic gene clusters, rps3‐rpl16 and rps12‐nad3, are highly conserved in all plant mitochondrial genomes, and the mitochondrial genome of yellow nutsedge is more similar to those of monocotyledons in the gene order. Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 shared protein‐encoding genes in eight plant species showed that yellow nutsedge is evolutionarily more closely related to monocotyledonary species. Overall, the species‐specific features of the cultivated yellow nutsedge mitochondrial genome provide additional information for the evolutionary and comparative genomic studies in the yellow nutsedge and other Cyperus species of the Cyperaceae family.
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) has recently attracted increasing interest from scientific and technological communities because of its potential for serving as additional source of food, oil, and feed. The present study reports morphology and biochemical characterization of 42 tiger nut accessions collected from China and other counties performed in the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons at Nongan, Jilin Province. Assessment of variability of 14 agronomic traits including plant height, maturation, leaf width, tilling number, color, size, and shape: 100-tuber weight showed a wide range of phenotypic variation. The color, size, and shape and maturation of the tubers, as well as the leaf width, were the most distinct characteristics describing variation among the accessions. Compositional analyses of major nutritional components of the tubers reveals that this crop could be a source of high-value proteins, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Specifically, tiger nut tubers contained high levels of starch, oil, and sugars, and significant amounts of fiber, Ca, P, and Na. Furthermore, the tubers appeared to be a good source of proteins as they contain 16 amino acids, including the essential ones. Amino acid profiles were dominated by aspartic acid followed by glutamic acid, leucine, alanine, and arginine. Overall, these results demonstrated that tiger nut is well adapted to the temperature and light conditions in the north temperate zone of China, even with a shorter growth season. The tiger nut accessions collected here exhibited wide variations for agronomical and biochemical traits, suggesting potential for potential for breeding improvement by maximizing the fresh tuber and grass yield based on the optimal selection of genetic characteristics in climate and soil conditions of northern China.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants and supplies precursors for a variety of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, lignins and stilbenes. The first draft of the full Medicago truncatula genome assembly has been released. However it is observed that, the PAL gene family from Medicago truncatula (MtPAL genes) has not been characterized in detail. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the Medicago truncatula PAL gene family is presented, including chromosomal locations, phylogenetic analyses, gene structures, three-dimensional (3D) structures and expression patterns. Six Medicago truncatula PAL genes that encode PAL proteins were identified in the Medicago truncatula genome. It was shown that MtPAL genes are distributed on four chromosomes. Dynamic expression patterns of MtPAL genes were observed in different tissues and abiotic stresses, suggesting that MtPAL genes may play important roles in the regulation of development and stress responses in Medicago truncatula.
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