Abstract-This paper presents the technique of constrained independent component analysis (cICA) and demonstrates two applications, less-complete ICA, and ICA with reference (ICA-R). The cICA is proposed as a general framework to incorporate additional requirements and prior information in the form of constraints into the ICA contrast function. The adaptive solutions using the Newton-like learning are proposed to solve the constrained optimization problem. The applications illustrate the versatility of the cICA by separating subspaces of independent components according to density types and extracting a set of desired sources when rough templates are available. The experiments using face images and functional MR images demonstrate the usage and efficacy of the cICA.Index Terms-Constrained optimization, ICA with reference (ICA-R), independent component analysis (ICA), less-complete ICA.
Traditional human resource management does not consider adopting a marketing approach in creating a positive company image to enable the recruitment of better employees. Recently, however, many scholars have attempted to apply marketing principles to recruitment management. Marketing can help create an effective image for a firm and position the firm as a good place to work. The study here examine ways marketing management relates to recruitment marketing in the hospital industry and finds that a hospital's sustainable competitive advantage, marketing strategy, and employment brand equity can influence the intention of medical doctors to pursue job opportunities.
Purpose
This study aims to identify mechanisms to manage conflicts that occur when organizations with different cultures, habits and experiences try to coordinate effectively in international joint ventures (IJV). This study proposes that partners can promote their joint venture performance to the extent that they rely on cooperative rather than competitive conflict management. This study further hypothesizes that adopting collectivist values strengthens relationships and thereby provides a foundation for cooperative conflict management.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors collected data for this study in Shanghai, which is currently the most attractive province in China for FDI (FDI Intelligence, 2014). In all, 75 pairs of foreign and Chinese managers at middle and senior levels, knowledgeable about the joint venture relationships, completed their respective questionnaires.
Findings
Results of the structural equation analyses support the hypotheses that collectivist values support cooperative conflict management that in turn facilitates joint venture learning and performance. In contrast, individualistic values promoted competitive conflict management which in turn frustrated IJV performance.
Practical implications
Results suggest that IJV managers can strengthen their venture by developing collective values and training such cooperative conflict management skills as self-expression and demonstrating understanding of opposing views.
Originality/value
This study directly documents that while conflicts may interfere they can also stimulate discussions and decisions that promote coordination and performance of IJVs. This study contributes to conflict management research that has largely focused on investigating the consequences of approaches by examining conditions that promote constructive conflict management approaches.
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