No abstract

TiO 2 -based photocatalyst being inexpensive and abundant in conjunction with high photostability and environmental friendly characteristics makes it the most extensively studied photocatalytic material for hydrogen production and pollutant degradation. However, its existing issues such as wide bandgap, high overpotential and rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers limit its photocatalytic properties. The opportunities for structural development of TiO 2 nanomaterial towards highly efficient and pragmatic photocatalysis applications are evidently plentiful. Hence in this review, we will look into critical structural engineering strategies that endow favorable physicochemical properties such as improved light absorption, photostability, charge-carrier dynamics, increase surface area etc. that benefit photocatalysis functionalities. Amongst the various structural engineering constitutions, we will be covering the most prevalent and elegant core-shell and hierarchical structural designs that rationally combine the advantages of structural manipulation and multi-material composition engineering. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and contemporary overview as well as a guide of the development of new generation TiO 2 based photocatalysts via structural design for improved solar energy conversion technologies.

We have demonstrated an environmentally friendly and template-free aqueous synthesis of hierarchically assembled 3D ZnO nanoflakes. The ZnO nanoflakes self-assembled to expose highly interconnected networks of well-defined catalytic active {0001} facets. Well dispersed Pt, Ag and Au metal nanoparticles were loaded to form hybrid ZnO nanoflakes for enhanced photocatalytic activity. The enhanced photocatalytic activity may be attributed to the synergetic effects of well-structured ZnO crystal facets, high metal nanoparticles dispersity, enhanced light absorption and charge-transfer kinetics which leads to high photocatalytic degradation.

Capturing solar energy for thermal conversion in a highly efficient manner for steam‐electricity cogeneration is particularly opportune in the context of optimal solar energy utilization for concurrent water‐energy harvesting. Herein, an integrative photothermal evaporator/thermogalvanic cell with the desired optical, heat, water, and electrochemical management for synergistic steam‐electricity production is reported. Versatile layer by‐layer assembly is employed to integrate a hydrogel/metal‐oxide/polymer into a multilayer film with individually addressable thickness, composition, and structure. As such, the ultimate integrative multilayer film cell demonstrates a unified high surface area and conductive electrodes, broadband absorption, rapid water suction‐ion exchange, and thermal insulation properties. Thus, the designed cell immensely suppresses heat losses, achieving a high solar thermal conversion efficiency of 91.4% and maximum power outputs of ≈1.6 mW m−2. Additionally, the self‐floating, deformable, modular integral device presents appealing attributes such as salt‐rejection for viable seawater desalination, high mechanical stability, and resilience to demanding operating conditions, and configurable on‐demand/point‐of‐use tandem structure to maximize clean water and power generation value per area. This integrated strategy may provide prospective opportunities to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and freshwater inputs and solutions for renewable and decentralized clean water and electricity.

In this work, we have developed a nanocomposite graphene hydrogel (NGH) based on green chemistry, employing vitamin C (VC) to attain a supramolecular 3D network of hybrid nanostructured materials. Here, it is shown that the hydrogel is an appropriate and robust host for stable a TiO 2 semiconductor catalyst sensitized with visible light responsive nanostructured particles. The NGH is tailored with well-defined nano-mesopores, a large surface area, a highly dispersive nanosheet-nanorods-nanoparticle composite, and enhance visible light absorption. Finally, we demonstrate practical applications of utilizing the NGH with water containing pores for photocatalytic H 2 production. An important pragmatic consideration of using a NGH is the ease of separation and recovery of the nanosized catalyst after the photoreaction which would otherwise require extensive and expensive nanofiltration.

Utilizing solar energy for environmental and energy remediations based on photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) generation and water cleaning poses great challenges due to inadequate visible-light power conversion, high recombination rate, and intermittent availability of solar energy. Here, we report an energy-harvesting technology that utilizes multiple energy sources for development of sustainable operation of dual photocatalytic reactions. The fabricated hybrid cell combines energy harvesting from light and vibration to run a power-free photocatalytic process that exploits novel metal-semiconductor branched heterostructure (BHS) of its visible light absorption, high charge-separation efficiency, and piezoelectric properties to overcome the aforementioned challenges. The desirable characteristics of conductive flexible piezoelectrode in conjunction with pronounced light scattering of hierarchical structure originate intrinsically from the elaborate design yet facile synthesis of BHS. This self-powered photocatalysis system could potentially be used as H2 generator and water treatment system to produce clean energy and water resources.

A facile large-scale synthesis approach for producing intrinsically p-type nanowires with uniform coverage of nanocrystals to form a highly interconnected porous nanowire network is of great demand for p-type sensing. Here, we have demonstrated synthesis of a very high aspect ratio (10(2)-10(5)) open network of interconnected hybrid nanocrystals-nanowire copper and copper oxide nanomaterials. The copper nanowire scaffold is employed to realize a porous and highly interconnected network of hybrid metal-metal oxide nanocrystal-nanowire structures. The structural and composition tunability of the hybrid nanomaterials is demonstrated. The hybrid copper-copper oxide nanowires exhibit enhanced gas/light sensing properties without any operating temperature. This may be attributed to enhanced medium diffusion due to the porous network of highly interconnected nanocrystal-nanowire structures.

Hierarchical heterostructures of beta-iron oxyhydroxide (β-FeOOH) nanostructures on electrospun TiO2 nanofibers were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. This synthesis method proves to be versatile to tailoring of β-FeOOH structural design that cuts across zero-dimensional particles (TF-P), one-dimensional needles (TF-N) to two-dimensional flakes (TF-F). In addition, synthesizing such oxyhyroxide nanostructures presents the advantage of exhibiting similar functional performances to its oxides counterpart however, without the need to undergo any annealing step which leads to undesirable structural collapse or sintering. The as-prepared hierarchical heterostructures possess high surface area for dye adsorptivity, efficient charge separation and visible photocatalytic activity. Also, for the first time, hydrogen gas sensing has been demonstrated on β-FeOOH nanostructures at room temperature. The reported hierarchical heterostructures of β-FeOOH on TiO2 nanofibers afford multiple functions of photocatalysis and sensing which are highly promising for environment monitoring and clean up applications.