Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis is one of the most prevalent drug-induced liver injuries. Isoniazid is the major drug incriminated in this hepatotoxicity. Isoniazid is mainly metabolized to hepatotoxic intermediates by N-acetyltransferase (NAT). However, the association of polymorphic NAT acetylator status and antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis is debatable. To determine whether acetylator status is a risk factor for antituberculosis druginduced hepatitis, we genotyped NAT2 in 224 incident tuberculosis patients who received antituberculosis treatment. Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis was diagnosed based on a positive isoniazid rechallenge test and exclusion of viral hepatitis. Acetylator status was determined by genotyping NAT2 in patients using a polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the risk factors of isoniazid-induced hepatitis. Thirty-three patients (14.7%) were diagnosed with antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis. Slow acetylators had a higher risk of hepatotoxicity than rapid acetylators (26.4% vs. 11.1%, P ‫؍‬ .013). Among patients with hepatotoxicity, slow acetylators had significantly higher serum aminotransferase levels than rapid acetylators. Logistic regression showed that slow-acetylator status (odds ratio [OR], 3.66; 95% CI, 1.58-8.49; P ‫؍‬ .003) and age (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14; P < .001) were the only 2 independent risk factors for antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis. In conclusion, slow-acetylator status of NAT2 is a significant susceptibility risk factor for antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis. Additionally, slow acetylators are prone to develop more severe hepatotoxicity than rapid acetylators. Regular monitoring of serum aminotransferase levels is mandatory in patients receiving antituberculosis treatment, especially in slow acetylators. (HEPATOLOGY 2002;35:883-889.)

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Gender disparities in tuberculosis (TB) cases are reported worldwide, and socio-cultural factors have been proposed as possible causes. To date, gender differences in treatment outcomes of TB patients remain controversial. In this prospective observational study, newly diagnosed, culture-proven TB patients from six hospitals in Taiwan were enrolled for analysis. Gender differences in demographic characteristics and treatment outcomes, including sputum conversion and on-treatment mortality, were analysed accordingly. From January 2007 through to December 2009, a total of 1059 patients were enrolled, including 819 (77.3%) males and 240 (22.7%) females. The ratio of male gender was around 50 ~ 60% in TB patients below 35 years and >80% for those older than 65 years. When compared with the female patients, the male patients were older, more likely to have the habit of smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, malignancy and liver cirrhosis, and more likely to present with haemoptysis, body weight loss and pleural effusion. Regarding treatment outcomes, male gender is associated with a lower 2-month sputum culture conversion rate (78.8% vs. 89.3%, p 0.002) and higher on-treatment mortality (21.1% vs. 12.1%, p 0.002). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated significantly higher mortality in the men (p 0.005). In multivariate analysis, male gender was an independent risk factor for 2-month sputum culture un-conversion (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.12-3.41). Our findings suggest that male gender is associated with older age, more co-morbidities and worse treatment outcomes. Gender-specific strategies, including active case finding in elderly women and smoking cessation in male patients, are warranted to optimize TB management.

Patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma who had scar cancer or had old TB lesions had a higher probability of having EGFR mutations, especially exon 19 deletions.

Previous studies have shown that the M72/AS01E candidate tuberculosis vaccine is immunogenic with a clinically acceptable safety profile in healthy and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected adults. This phase II, observer-blind, randomised study compared the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of M72/AS01E in 3 cohorts: tuberculosis-naïve adults (n = 80), adults previously treated for tuberculosis (n = 49), and adults who have completed the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment (n = 13). In each cohort, 18-59-year-old adults were randomised (1:1) to receive two doses of M72/AS01E (n = 71) or placebo (n = 71) and followed-up until six months post-dose 2. Safety and reactogenicity were assessed as primary objective. Recruitment in the study ended prematurely because of a high incidence of large injection site redness/swelling reactions in M72/AS01E-vaccinated adults undergoing tuberculosis treatment. No additional clinically relevant adverse events were observed, except one possibly vaccine-related serious adverse event (hypersensitivity in a tuberculosis-treated-M72/AS01E participant). Robust and persistent M72-specific humoral and polyfunctional CD4(+) T-cell-mediated immune responses were observed post-M72/AS01E vaccination in each cohort. In conclusion, the M72/AS01E vaccine was immunogenic in adults previously or currently treated for tuberculosis, but further analyses are needed to explain the high local reactogenicity in adults undergoing tuberculosis treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01424501.

Microbiological persistence in patients with MAC-LD is not uncommon and leads to an increased risk of radiographic progression. The predictors of MAC-PP are low BMI, NB pattern, and high AFS grade; if these risk factors are present, anti-MAC treatment should be seriously considered.

Nemonoxacin 500 mg once daily for 7-10 days is as effective and safe as levofloxacin for treating adult CAP patients in terms of clinical cure rates, microbiological success rates, and safety profile. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01529476.

The clinical picture of our patients presenting with hospital-acquired SARS revealed atypical pneumonia associated with lymphopenia, elevated serum levels of LDH, rapid clinical deterioration, and lack of response to empirical antibiotic therapy. Substantially elevated levels of LDH and CRP correlated with severe illness requiring mechanical ventilatory support. In those receiving mechanical ventilation, pulmonary function was only mildly reduced at 6 to 8 months after acute illness, consistent with the natural history of acute respiratory distress syndrome due to other causes.