The purpose of this study was to compare the usefulness of the nucleic acid amplification (NAA) test against conventional tests under normal laboratory operational conditions. The NAA test was performed on the first sputum specimen of all patients. Liquid media culture, solid media culture, and Ziehl-Neelsen stain for an acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear were performed on three sputum specimens. The results were calculated using the gold standard of either the culture results or the clinical diagnosis. Of the 593 patients tested, 151 (25.5%) were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. The sensitivity of the first specimen only was 64% for the NAA test, 54% for the AFB smear, 77% for BACTEC MGIT 960 culture, 40% for Lowestain-Jensen (LJ) culture, and 25% for 7H11 culture. The sensitivity when using all three specimens increased to 63% for AFB smear, 87% for BACTEC MGIT 960 culture, 51% for LJ culture, and 40% for 7H11 culture. The specificity was 100% for all culture tests, 99% for the AFB smear, and 99.5% for NAA test. The mean turnaround time was 1.34 days for NAA, 0.59 days for AFB smear, 11 days for BACTEC MGIT 960 culture, 23 days for LJ culture, and 20 days for 7H11 culture. We conclude that the sensitivity of NAA is still far from ideal, and the test is not cost effective. Thus, the COBAS AMPLICOR PCR system is not suitable for routine use in microbiology laboratories.
The paper proposes an interleaved high gain boost converter with quadratic function for high power PV system. The proposed converter employs a diode-capacitor (DC) snubber circuit designed to absorb the transient spike generated by the coupled inductor leakage inductance, reduce excess voltage stress and boost the output voltage once again. This design uses interleaved technology for the high gain boost converters to reduce power losses and save cost. This paper will introduce interleaved technology in the proposed high power and high gain boost converter. Experimental and simulation results are used to verify the design and performance. The 500 W interleaved high gain boost converter design was measured to 93.1% efficiency. The designed interleaved conversion architecture with the maximum power reaches 1 kW with average converter efficiency over 90%.
This paper proposed a high voltage conversion ratio cascade boost converter topology composed two stages of converters. First stage boosts the input source voltage twice larger by using the double-mode switched-capacitor cells converter (SCC). Second stage provides a high voltage conversion ratio boost converter with a couple inductor and diode-capacitor (DC) snubber. For achieving higher efficiency, soft-switching technique is used to design the proposed converter. The converter topology analysis and design are described in detail. Results of simulation and experimental measurements are carried out to verify the performances of the proposed high voltage conversion ratio cascade boost converter under continuous conduction modes.
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