We aimed to evaluate the properties of a novel tissue conditioner containing a surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) nanofiller. Tissue conditioners containing 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 10, 20, or 30 wt% S-PRG nanofiller or 10 or 20 wt% S-PRG microfiller were prepared. The S-PRG nanofillers and microfillers were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The ion release, acid buffering capacity, detail reproduction, consistency, Shore A0 hardness, surface roughness, and Candida albicans adhesion of the tissue conditioners were examined. The results indicated that the nanofiller particles were smaller and more homogeneous in size than the microfiller particles. In addition, Al, B, F, and Sr ions eluted from S-PRG were generally found to decrease after 1 day. Acid neutralization was confirmed in a concentration-dependent manner. The mechanical properties of tissue conditioners containing S-PRG nanofiller were clinically acceptable according to ISO standard 10139-1:2018, although the surface roughness increased with increasing filler content. Conditioners with 5–30 wt% nanofiller had a sublethal effect on C. albicans and reduced fungal adhesion in vitro. In summary, tissue conditioner containing at least 5 wt% S-PRG nanofiller can reduce C. albicans adhesion and has potential as an alternative soft lining material.
The increase in global life expectancy has led to an aging population. Consequently, the number of people using dentures, predominantly elderly individuals, is continuously increasing 1) . As a result, cases of severe ridge resorption due to denture use are also increasing.Denture adhesives are dental materials used mainly to improve dysfunctional dentures 2) and can be classified as either powder, cream, or sheet types, or as a home reliner (cushion type). They can improve the denture retention and masticatory ability, thereby ensuring patient satisfaction 3) . Coates reported that at least 30% of people using dentures use denture adhesives 4) . While dentists generally believe that denture adhesives are not required when properly manufactured dentures are used 5) , patients with intractable cases (e.g., remarkable ridge resorption, thin mucous membrane, or xerostomia) struggle to use their dentures comfortably. Several researchers have attempted to address this issue while simultaneously combating oral microorganisms by developing denture adhesives with antimicrobial properties [6][7][8] . The effects of different forms of commercially available denture adhesives such as powder, cream, and sheet type, on the growth of oral microorganisms and the oral environment have been reported 9) .When surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) fillers are added to dental materials, they release six ions: fluoride, strontium, sodium, aluminum, boric acid, and silicic acid, which impart various properties to the materials, such as antimicrobial effects, tooth re-mineralization ability, and acid buffering capacity [10][11][12][13][14][15] . More recently, S-PRG fillers have been introduced clinically in temporary cements, orthodontic resin, and tissue conditioners 14,16) . Thus, in this study, we attempted to add S-PRG fillers to the denture adhesives with the assumption that it may achieve a sufficient antimicrobial effect and acid buffering ability, and improve the oral environment of people using dentures. Specifically, denture adhesives with S-PRG fillers are expected to improve denture stomatitis and exhibit an antimicrobial effect against oral microorganisms such as Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans [17][18][19] .This study aimed to assess the effect of various particle sizes and contents of S-PRG fillers on the acid buffering capacity, ion release, and antimicrobial effect of denture adhesives. The hypothesis was that different sizes and amounts of S-PRG fillers would affect these properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS S-PRG filler-containing denture adhesivesSix grades of adhesives containing S-PRG (Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) were prepared, and the detailed compositions are listed in Table 1. The study design is graphically explained in Fig. 1. Two particle sizes (1 and 3 µm) and three amounts of S-PRG (5, 7.5, and 10 wt%) were used, and the samples were labeled as follows: 1µm-5wt%, 1µm-7.5wt%, 1µm-10wt%, 3µm-5wt%, 3µm-7.5wt%, and 3µm-10wt%. Further, a denture adhesive without S-PRG was used as the control. When
All-ceramic restorations have become increasingly popular in dentistry. Toward ensuring that these restorations adhere to the tooth structure, this study determines the optimal femtosecond laser (FL) treatment parameters for lithium disilicate glass-ceramics and highly translucent zirconia ceramics with respect to surface morphology. For both the ceramics, the following surface conditions were investigated: (1) as-sintered; (2) Al2O3 sandblasted; (3) FL treatment (dot pattern with line distances of 14, 20, and 40 µm); (4) FL treatment (crossed-line pattern with a line distance of 20 and 40 µm). Surface roughness parameters were estimated using a 3D confocal laser microscope; microstructures were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Peak fluence (Fpeak) values of 4 and 8 J/cm2 and irradiation numbers (N) of 20 and 10 shots were selected to create dot patterns in highly translucent zirconia and lithium disilicate glass-ceramics, respectively. Furthermore, Fpeak = 8 J/cm2 and N = 20 shots were chosen to obtain crossed-line patterns in both ceramics. Our results show that lithium disilicate glass-ceramics and highly translucent zirconia exhibit a similar surface morphology under each of the surface treatment conditions. Therefore, FL irradiation of dot or crossed-line patterns (at a distance of 20 and 40 µm) are potential candidates for future investigations.
This systematic review provides an update on the development and efficacy of direct restorative dental materials for root caries interventions from in vitro and clinical studies. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched using specific MeSH keywords. Full articles from September 1990 to October 2021 were collected. Additional articles were identified by reference retrieval and manual searching. Studies not related to restorative materials for root caries treatment, case reports, non-original articles, and/or articles not written in English were excluded. Bias risk assessment was performed for the clinical studies. Forty-two articles (eleven clinical studies and thirty-one in vitro studies) were included for analysis. Most in vitro studies indicated an excellent cariostatic effect of glass ionomer cement. Resin-modified glass ionomer restorations also presented reduced recurrent caries activity but had a lower efficacy than glass ionomer cement restorations. For composite resin restorations, the main material development strategies are to strengthen the tooth structure and integrate antimicrobial activity. The clinical studies offered limited data, so the most appropriate material for surface root caries treatment is still inconclusive. However, atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) is an alternative treatment for patients with limiting conditions. Further clinical studies are required to confirm the efficacy of bioactive materials.
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