The human visual system uses saccadic and vergence eye movements to foveate visual targets. To mimic this aspect of the biological visual system the PC/BC-DIM neural network is used as an omni-directional basis function network for learning and performing sensory-sensory and sensory-motor transformations without using any hardcoded geometric information. A hierarchical PC/BC-DIM network is used to learn a head-centred representation of visual targets by dividing the whole problem into independent subtasks. The learnt headcentred representation is then used to generate saccade and vergence motor commands. The performance of the proposed system is tested using the iCub humanoid robot simulator.
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Summary
Renewable energy sources powered distributed generation (RES‐DG) is getting more indispensable to encounter the considerable increase in demand for electric energy owing to its techno‐economic benefits and eco‐friendly nature. An economic solution to this demand can only be obtained with the optimal placement and sizing of RES‐DGs. The optimal siting and sizing of RES‐DG, such as Photovoltaic (PV) and Wind Turbine (WT) is still a hot topic due to the uncertainties in solar irradiance (SI) and wind speed (WS). The main objective of this research paper is to develop a RES‐DG siting and sizing strategy for the discrete, nonlinear siting and sizing pattern of RES‐DGs using a novel hybrid Harris' Hawk optimizer (HHHO), considering the stochastic nature of SI and WS. The Weibull and Beta probability density functions (PDFs) are utilized for modeling the stochastic nature of WS and SI, respectively. The optimization of the multiobjective function comprises active power loss reduction, enhancement in voltage profile, and improvement in voltage stability index (VSI). Different scenarios of single and multiple RES‐DGs and capacitor banks (CB) are examined to validate the efficiency of the proposed novel HHHO based RES‐DGs siting and sizing strategy. The results show a considerable reduction in power loss, enhancement in the system voltage profile, and improvement in VSI. Evaluation of results by comparing withstate‐of‐art hybrid algorithms shows that the proposed solution using HHHO algorithm is globally optimum.
With the penetration of renewable energy sources based distributed generation (RES-DG) in the distribution network (DN), the operating time of protection relays becomes a major concern to avoid the mis-coordination and nuisance tripping of RES-DG. It is due to the bidirectional flow of current, variance in the fault current level, i.e. high fault current in case of Squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) based RES-DG, and low fault current for an inverter-based RES-DGs. This paper proposes a novel User-defined dual setting direction overcurrent relay with hybrid time currentvoltage (UDDOR-TCV) characteristics to intensify the proposed scheme's flexibility without any communication assistance for radial DN. The proposed model is formulated in a constrained non-linear optimization fashion and solved with the MINLP solver of general algebraic modelling system(GAMS) software to determine the optimal relay settings. The propounded protection scheme is simulated on IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system and a local 40-bus system hosting the multiple SCIG and PV based RES-DGs at optimal locations. Detailed numerical studies are carried out to show the performance of the proposed scheme. 66.848% and 68.26% reduction in relay operation time with zero mis-coordination is achieved with SCIG-WTG case and PV-units case for the IEEE-33 bus system and a similar reduction in operation time is 68.937% and 66.563% for Local-40 bus system. Moreover, the relays numbers are reduced by 32.692% and 39.7% for IEEE-33 and Local-40 bus systems, respectively, due to the forward/reverse characteristics capability of the proposed UDDOR-TCV. The performance of the proposed scheme is also evaluated on IEEE-8 bus meshed DN. The results are compared with the existing protection schemes in recent literature.INDEX TERMS Distributed Generation, dual setting directional overcurrent relay, hybrid TCV characteristics, GAMS, protection coordination, optimization, user-defined relay settings, fault currents.
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