Malnutrition in children is one of the major health challenges faced worldwide but more frequently in South Asian countries including Pakistan. The objective of this review is to analyse the situation of malnutrition, its risk determinants, assessment and management strategies. This review is based on information collected from PubMed, Google scholar, Medline, World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) websites and books. It is concluded that malnutri- tion status is improving but at a slower pace. Pakistan has a high prevalence of wasting, stunting, and micronutrient deficiencies.
Background: Breastfeeding is the supreme economical and certainly accessible absolute nutrition for every newborn baby. The child health indicators are alarming in our country and enable us to understand the importance of investing in mother's and children's nutrition. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 undergraduate MBBS students at Hamdard University from April 2019 till June 2019, and the samples were collected by convenient sampling technique. The sample size was calculated online by open epi website. All the undergraduate MBBS students from Hamdard University were included, and other students from Hamdard University was excluded. Oral informed consent was obtained, and the research ethics committee approved the study protocol. SPSS Version 19 was used to analyze the data.Results: Among all 250 students, there were 106(42%) males, and year wise participation were presented. Upon asking about bottle feeding's adverse event, 160(64%) opted 'yes' answer. The majority 128(51%) oppose the statement that 'Prelacteal feed is the food except mother's milk can be provided to a newborn before initiating breastfeeding. It was well-known among most of the participants, 149(60%), that breastfeeding duration is two years. It was found that 76 (30%) thought that it is easy to digest, 61(24%) thought that it is an easily available product and prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections among babies, 27(11%) rated it cheap, 25(10%) opted sterile among advantages of breastfeeding. Conclusion: Medical students can benefit from targeted programs to increase breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes and confidence in guiding breastfeeding mothers.
Objectives: To identify the frequency of common birthmarks presenting inoutpatients department of dermatology until and to increase awareness among doctor aboutthe common phenomena. Patients and Study Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: OPDof Dermatology department of Dow University Hospital. Period: January 2014 till October 2014.Methods:During a year, by using non-probability convenient sampling only 100 patients of bothgenders were enrolled in the study after ensuring inclusion, exclusion criteria. Complete historywas recorded and a thorough general physical and cutaneous examination was performed.Information was collected on predesigned questionnaire after taking informed consent. DataAnalysis was carried out on SPSS statistics software. Results: Out of 100 patients, 43% weremales and 57% were females. In 69.6% patients, the birthmarks were noticed around time ofdelivery, 28.3% patients were noticed within 1st year of life and 2.2% later in 5 year. Pigmentedbirthmarks were identified in 65.2% patients while 34.8 % have vascular birthmarks.71.1% hadno changes in color during life span. While 37.8% had 1-3 cms birthmark and 45.7% havereported an increase in birthmark. Conclusions: We found birthmarks benign; they may growwith age but they do not need treatment unless there is concern either cosmetically or they havepain and discharge.
ABSTRACT…Objectives:To identify the frequency of common birthmarks presenting in outpatients department of dermatology until and to increase awareness among doctor about the common phenomena. Patients and Study Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: OPD of Dermatology department of Dow University Hospital. Period: January 2014 till October 2014. Methods:During a year, by using non-probability convenient sampling only 100 patients of both genders were enrolled in the study after ensuring inclusion, exclusion criteria. Complete history was recorded and a thorough general physical and cutaneous examination was performed. Information was collected on predesigned questionnaire after taking informed consent. Data Analysis was carried out on SPSS statistics software. Results: Out of 100 patients, 43% were males and 57% were females. In 69.6% patients, the birthmarks were noticed around time of delivery, 28.3% patients were noticed within 1st year of life and 2.2% later in 5 year. Pigmented birthmarks were identified in 65.2% patients while 34.8 % have vascular birthmarks.71.1% had no changes in color during life span. While 37.8% had 1-3 cms birthmark and 45.7% have reported an increase in birthmark. Conclusions: We found birthmarks benign; they may grow with age but they do not need treatment unless there is concern either cosmetically or they have pain and discharge.
Background: Enteric fever is a common and treatable pediatric bacterial infection, but emerging drug resistance has been a real challenge for treating physicians. Since 2016, Pakistan is facing the epidemic of Extensively drug resistant (XDR) salmonella typhi. Objective: To determine the clinical presentation and current pattern of sensitivity of salmonella species in children diagnosed with enteric fever. Study Design: Descriptive, Cross sectional Place and Duration of Study: Pediatric department of Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi, from July to December 2022. Methods: Medical records of patients 1 month to 12 years of age, diagnosed as enteric fever on positive blood culture for salmonella, were inducted into the study by non-probability convenient sampling. The clinical manifestations of patients and sensitivity and resistance patterns of salmonella were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: A total of 140 children had enteric fever, out of which 60.7% were male. Mean age of the patients was 4.48+2.47 years. Most common symptom was fever in 140 (100%), followed by anorexia in 97 (69.2%) and abdominal pain in 70 (50%). Blood culture reports showed Extensive drug resistance in 105 (75%), Multi drug resistance in 3 (2.14%) and Non-resistance in 7 (5%). Salmonella Typhi isolates were sensitive to Carbapenems in 140 (100%), Azithromycin 139 (99.2%) and Piperacillin/Tazobactam in 60 (42.8%). Conclusion: XDR enteric fever is still the most common resistance pattern identified in admitted patients with enteric fever. Large scale public health measures and antibiotic stewardship are required to fight this disease. Keywords: Typhoid fever, Salmonella Typhi, Drug resistance, Infection, Epidemic
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