ObjectiveTo assess, using transperineal ultrasonography (TPUS), the numerical value of the rotation of the bladder neck [represented by the difference in the anterior (α angle) and posterior urethral angles (β angle)] at rest and straining, in continent women and women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), to ascertain if there are significant differences in the angles of rotation (Rα and Rβ) between the groups.Patients, subjects and methodsIn all, 30 women with SUI (SUI group) and 30 continent women (control group) were included. TPUS was performed at rest and straining (Valsalva manoeuver), and the threshold value for the urethral angles (α and β angles) for each group were estimated. The degree of rotation for each angle was calculated and was considered as the angle of rotation.ResultsBoth the α and β angles were significantly different between the groups at rest and straining, and there was a significant difference in the mean increment in the value of each angle. Higher values of increment (higher rotation angles) were reported in the SUI group for both the α and β angles compared with those of the control group [mean (SD) Rα SUI group 19.43 (12.76) vs controls 10.53 (2.98) °; Rβ SUI group 28.30 (12.96) vs controls 16.33 (10.8) °; P < 0.001].ConclusionUrethral rotation angles may assist in the assessment and diagnosis of patients with SUI, which may in turn reduce the need for more sophisticated urodynamic studies.

What is known and objectives Letrozole is widely known for its use as an ovulation inductor. This study aims to investigate the effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methods This is a randomized non‐blinded controlled trial study that included 80 infertile females with polycystic ovarian syndrome receiving a standard dose of either clomiphene citrate or letrozole on day 2 of the cycle. An ultrasound was done to examine growth of the follicle, endometrial thickness on days 12‐13, and a Doppler study to measure resistance index (RI), pulsatility index and ratio of systolic/diastolic velocity. Results and Discussion The mean levels of dominant follicle and oestradiol were significantly higher in the clomiphene citrate group than in the letrozole group. The letrozole group had a significantly greater endometrial thickness than the clomiphene citrate group. The resistance index and pulsatility index were lower in the letrozole group and in pregnant women than in the clomiphene citrate group and the non‐pregnant group. What is new and Conclusion The use of letrozole for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients has a better effect on endometrial receptivity markers when compared to clomiphene citrate.

No abstract