The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus, or A(H1N1)pdm09, was first identified in humans in April 2009 in the southern part of the USA. It was quickly established that the disease was spreading rapidly from person to person and had been causing widespread disease in Mexico since early March. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that a global pandemic of novel influenza A (H1N1) was underway, as the transmission had been documented in more than 70 countries.This review was conducted to focus on the clinical spectrum and natural history of human disease and the risk factors and prognostic markers of severe disease for A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal influenza. The relevant literature published from January 2009 to August 17, 2011 (the date of the last keyword search of the electronic database) is included. MethodsWe searched the National Library of Medicine through PubMed for the various aspects of human influenza mentioned above. The search was limited to human influenza studies published between January 2009 and August 17, 2011 (the date of the last keyword search of the electronic database). We focused on A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal influenza. We did not include articles that focused solely on avian influenza. Because we aimed to catalogue and summarize the existing data rather than perform a meta-analysis or calculate summary measures, we did not use any specified methodological quality screens for the study selection. Two exceptions were: (1) we used 'research methodology filters' for study quality screening by selecting the 'specific/narrow filter' option during our search conducted via the 'clinical queries' mode of PubMed when retrieving articles related to influenza risk and prognostic factors. This approach allowed us to obtain better quality observational studies, since it focuses on prospective studies rather than other types of observational studies (see detailed keywords used below). (2) We excluded studies that

At current prices, PCV10 and PCV13 are not cost-effective in Thailand. Inclusion of indirect vaccine effects substantially reduced the ICERs for both vaccines, but did not result in cost effectiveness.

Thailand's comprehensive national response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been extensively documented since the beginning of epidemic. Substantial progress in the fight against HIV/AIDS has been made because awareness of the problem was raised. Top-level political commitment and multisectoral strategies mobilized funds and human resources to implement the control program at all levels. Behavioral change resulting in increased condom use in brothels on a national scale rose from virtually nil to more than 95%. This was accompanied by a 90% reduction of the sexually transmitted disease rate. In parallel, the rate of new HIV infections dropped by 80%. Despite these achievements, there remains an urgent need to continue efforts to ensure universal and unfailing condom use. Further, Thailand needs to establish pragmatic innovative approaches to reduce transmission, especially among injection drug users, women, and youth, as well as to develop effective strategies for implementation of antiretroviral treatment. Further strategies also need to consider the changing cultural, social, and economic characteristics of the Thai populations.

ABSTRACT. Objective. To describe survival and signs of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in perinatally infected children in Thailand.Methods. At 2 large Bangkok hospitals, 295 infants born to HIV-infected mothers were enrolled at birth from November 1992 through September 1994 and followed up with clinical and laboratory evaluations every 1 to 3 months for 18 months. Infected children remained in follow-up thereafter. For the infected children, we used data collected through October 2000 to estimate survival times and compare characteristics among those whose disease progressed at rapid (died within 1 year), intermediate (died at 1-5 years), and slow (survived at least 5 years) rates.Results .