The purposes of this investigation were to quantify the noise component of child breath-by-breath data, investigate the major determinants of the breath-to-breath noise, and to characterise the noise statistically. Twenty-four healthy children (12 males and 12 females) of mean (SD) age 13.1 (0.3) years completed 25 min of steady-state cycle ergometry at an exercise intensity of 50 W. Ventilatory and gas exchange variables were computed breath-by-breath. The mean (SD) oxygen consumption (VO2) ranged from 0.72 (0.16) to 0.92 (0.26) l x min(-1); mean (SD) carbon dioxide production (VCO2) ranged from 0.67 (0.20) l x min(-1) to 0.85 (0.16) l x min(-1); and mean (SD) minute ventilation ranged from 17.81 (3.54) l x min(-1) to 24.97 (5.63) l x min(-1). The majority of the breath-to-breath noise distributions differed significantly from Gaussian distributions with equivalent mean and SD parameters. The values of the normalised autocorrelation functions indicated a negligible breath-to-breath correlation. Tidal volume accounted for the majority of the VO2 (43%) and VCO2 (49%) variance. The breath-to-breath noise can be explained in terms of variations in the breathing pattern, although the large noise magnitude, together with the relatively small attainable response amplitudes in children reduces the certainty with which ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics can be measured.
This paper outlines delivery of a second-year undergraduate module in electronic engineering. A package of learning materials, including an open-ended mathematical CAL (computer-aided learning) package, was used to support students whose ability, ambitions and subsequent programmes vary widely. Discussion focuses on the nature of student responses and ways in which delivery of the module can be improved.
In order to support students with a wide range of attainment expectations, within a common first year of a range of engineering programmes, intending learning outcomes have been set out in detail at different levels and support mechanisms put in place to help them plan their own learning targets.
These data are consistent with the hvpothesis that programmed alterations to renal structure are reflected in progressive deterioration HJ NEWBERY', N FISHER^, M PIRMOHAMED", NR
KITTERINGHAM' IT GILMORE', D ADAMS3 and BK PARK'Evidence from twin, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies suggests that alcoholic liver disease is multifactorial in aetiology, with genetic and environmental factors interacting in its pathogenesis. A role for TNFu in this process is supported both by observations of raised levels of TNFU, correlating with disease severity, and the association of promoter region polymorphisms with the disease. Furthermore,
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