These experiments assessed the interrelationship between location and distance cues in the coding of movements. In separate experiments subjects recalled either the terminal location or the distance of constrained (Experiment 1) or preselected (Experiment 2) movements following a 15-sec retention interval. Changes in direction amd amplitude of starting position were used to ascertain whether recall errors were related to these changes. The findings of both experiments indicated that location and distance were recalled with similar accuracy when the starting position was identical for the criterion and recall movement. However, analysis of constant errors when the recall starting position was varied in either direction clearly indicated neither terminal location nor distance are coded independently, and memory for movement is based on an interaction between these cues.
In two experiments, the interaction of location and distance cues in the recall of pre-selected movements was investigated. In Expt 1, separate groups of subjects were required to remember either the terminal location of, or the distance moved during, a criterion movement pre-selected within a 30 cm response region. Following either a 5 s or 30 s unfilled retention interval, subjects were required to recall the criterion movement using the particular movement cue (i.e. location or distance) in question. In Expt 2, a similar procedure was used, except that recall of the criterion movement followed either a 5 s or a 20 s unfilled, or a 20 s filled (backward counting) retention interval. Systematic manipulation of both the direction and magnitude of the starting position for recall movements revealed that subjects were unable to make the movement uninfluenced by the 'unattended' movement cue. The interfering effect of this irrelevant cue was independent of the ongoing activity during the retention interval. The results suggest that memory for preselected movements is based on a combination of the two movement cues generated during production of the criterion movement.
Applied research milieus are inherently multivanate As researchers employ more elaborate and comprehensive data collection schemes to reflect this complexity, sophisticated analytic techniques will play an ever-important role m unraveling the intricacies of the applied context. Starting with the seminal work of Tucker in three-mode factor analysis, this article examines a specific statistical development m multimode analysis, called the parallel factors model (PARAFAC) A substantive example of the PARAFAC analysis is provided The example investigates the structure of affective reactions to physical activities, in this case, trampohmng Following Eckblad's sector model for affect, the connotative meaning of affective descriptors is assumed to be associated with the assimilation resistance offered by the particular stimulus set encountered This laboratory-based notion guides the structural account of individual differences in affective reaction to trampohmng exercises investigated in this study Harshman's PARAFAC analysis is applied to the three-mode data set" 10 affective response scales by 10 trampoline exercises by 34 young trampohmsts Three unrestricted two-dimensional solutions (with all modes orthogonally constrained, with the scales and exercise modes orthogonally constrained, and with all modes unconstrained) reliably conform to Eckblad's hypothesized assimilation resistance model About 20 years ago, Tucker (1963, 1966) nents and three-mode common factor methpresented his three-mode factor analysis ods Tucker's conceptualization of individual model, which opened up new possibilities for differences in his three-mode model remains the analysis of complex data sets His inno-one of the more general and interesting provations included a more easily generalized two-posals for «-mode generalization. This article mode factor analysis logic, three-mode matrix examines the logic and analytic solution of the operations and their implications based on the three-mode model within the context of recent Kronecker product operator, and computation work on parallel proportional profiles (called algorithms for three-mode principal compo-PARAFAC, Harshman, 1981). PARAFAC is based on a statistical three-mode model that, when coupled with scaling preprocessing methods, overcomes some of the difficulties associated This arucle is based on a paper presented at the Otago *"& Tucker's original algorithms. Application Symposium on Motor Memory and Control, September of the PARAFAC three-mode method focuses 8-10, 1982, Dunedm, New Zealand on a sport psychology study that seeks to ex-We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Les Gray, hcate the stmcture of se lf. re ported affect for State Director of Coaching for Trampohmng, Queensland, ., , c , . Australia, for his technical adv.ee a Prescribed set of trampohmng exercises. This article benefited from earlier reviews by M Cohn,
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