T h e enzymes of mitochondrial /3-oxidation are thought to be organized in at least two functional complexes, a membrane-bound, long-chainspecific P-oxidation system and a matrix system consisting of soluble enzymes with preferences for medium-chain and short-chain substrates. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the inactivation of long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase by 4-bromotiglic acid (4-bromo-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid) causes the complete inhibition of palmitate P-oxidation even though 3-ketoacylCoA thiolase, which acts on 3-ketopalmitoyl-CoA, remains partly active. T h e observed substrate specificities of long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase prompt the suggestion that LCAD is a functional component of the long-chainspecific /3-oxidation system. Altogether, a view is emerging of the organization of p-oxidation enzymes in mitochondria that supports the idea of intermediate channelling and explains the apparent absence of true intermediates of /3-oxidation from mitochondria.
The enzymes of mitochondrial beta-oxidation are thought to be organized in at least two functional complexes, a membrane-bound, long-chain-specific beta-oxidation system and a matrix system consisting of soluble enzymes with preferences for medium-chain and short-chain substrates. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the inactivation of long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase by 4-bromotiglic acid (4-bromo-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid) causes the complete inhibition of palmitate beta-oxidation even though 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, which acts on 3-ketopalmitoyl-CoA, remains partly active. The observed substrate specificities of long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase prompt the suggestion that LCAD is a functional component of the long-chain-specific beta-oxidation system. Altogether, a view is emerging of the organization of beta-oxidation enzymes in mitochondria that supports the idea of intermediate channelling and explains the apparent absence of true intermediates of beta-oxidation from mitochondria.
Cotyledons detached from pumpkin seedlings of different stages of development were either illuminated or treated with 4.10−5 M cytokinin (benzyladenine, BA) in darkness. Comparison of the abilities to incorporate 14C‐leucine into proteins in vivo as well as 35S‐methionine in vitro by means of an RNA‐programmed cell‐free wheat germ system demonstrates that the patterns of the two‐dimensionally separated in vivo labelled soluble proteins are very similar in differently developed or treated cotyledons. Although the translatable mRNA patterns were almost identical in qualitative respect, our data do not exclude the appearance of a few minor polypeptides altered by either illumination or BA treatment. The steady‐state levels of the mRNAs in cotyledons from 12 days old seedlings were remarkably similar irrespective of cotyledon treatment (water, BA, light) and resemble those levels obtained with illuminated or BA‐treated cotyledons of earlier seedlings stages. Our results suggest that the amount of abundant (soluble) proteins in pumpkin cotyledons is developmentally regulated mainly at the transcript level. Extrinsic factors such as cytokinins (BA) or light are equally able to accelerate the developmental program of gene expression in early‐detached cotyledons, which are probably deficient in endogenous hormone.
<p>For mobile user interface (M-UI) design, it has an important impact on app user’s usage. However, M-UI design is limited by subjective factors, even professional developers can’t determine whether the M-UI design is good or bad. App reviews provide an opportunity to proactively collect user complaints and promptly improve the user experience of apps. Therefore, it is meaningful to explore whether app reviews can help developers to improve M-UI design. In this article, we randomly select six different categories of apps from Google Play Store and App Store, with over 160000 reviews, and conduct a preliminary empirical study to answer the question. Specially, we gather M-UI-related reviews, and compare the average rating of M-UI-related reviews and total reviews of each app. We observe that the M-UI is concerned by users and the average rating for M-UI-related reviews is lower than the average rating for total reviews. By extracting the topics of M-UI-related reviews, we estimate the sentiment of the M-UI-related topics. The results show that the number of M-UI-related topics are about three or four, and the sentiment of M-UI-related topics is related to the app itself. Further, by investigating the relation between the M-UI-related topics and M-UI design. We observe that users are concerned about the M-UI usability the most, and it is the various aspects of the M-UI that are causing user frustration. In particular, our findings show that M-UI-related reviews reflect the severity of M-UI-related issues and app reviews can help developers to improve M-UI design about appearance, usability, fault-tolerance, of which usability deserves the most attention.</p> <p> </p>
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