In this paper, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is used

This paper investigates the impact of remittances (internal and external) on consumption and investment behavior of the households. The literature on the impact of remittances on consumption and investment, however, is exceptional, in context of Pakistan. To examine the impact of remittances, primary data was collected from the field survey of four main villages of Tehsil Sargodha (Punjab) Pakistan. The methodology used for the study, is regression model. The results show that remittances has positively related with consumption and investment. Furthermore, the study found the household behavior regarding consumption and investment is positive.

Background: Since many years, CT-scan of the temporal bone is a widely accepted investigation in preoperative evaluation of patients with cholesteatoma in the middle ear. Aim: To compare the preoperative HRCT findings with intraoperative findings in the patients with atticoantral CSOM Study design: Comparative cross-sectional study Setting: Department of ENT Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore Duration: February 1st 2022 to January 31st 2023 Methods: After taking approval from board of studies, IRB & ASRB of FJMU, 50 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were admitted in Department of ENT, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore. Firstly patients were seen in outdoor, history and otoscopy followed by examination under microscope was done, then the diagnosis of atticoantral CSOM was established. HRCT temporal bone of the cases diagnosed as atticoantral type CSOM was done. The patients were then admitted for mastoid exploration. Informed consent was obtained. Demographic information was recorded. HRCT temporal bone was reported by consultant radiologist from Department of Radiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital in all cases. Intraoperative findings like soft tissue mass, dural& sinus plate, ossicular status, status of semicircular canal, facial canal and scutum was noted and compared with the preoperative HRCT findings. Then the data was collected in accordance to patients Proforma. Results: The mean age of patients was 22.32±10.42 years. Among patients 56% were male and 44% were female. HRCT was closely in agreement with intraoperative findings for detection of soft tissues mass in middle ear [HRCT:92% & IOF: 100%], dural plates [HRCT:98% & IOF: 98%], Sigmoid sinus plates [HRCT:92% & IOF: 92%], erosion of malleus [HRCT:56% & IOF: 62%], Incus [HRCT:56% & IOF: 26%], stapes [HRCT:60% & IOF: 66%], ;lateral semicircular canal [HRCT:96% & IOF:96%], facial canal nerve [HRCT:96% & IOF: 94%] and scutum [HRCT:70% & IOF: 74%] respectively. This would be of great help to the otologists in anticipating the possible complications, developing treatment strategy, counseling the patient regarding the procedure and in taking consent about expected complications. Conclusion: In patients of atticoantral CSOM HRCT effectively helps in preoperative assessment of the site & extent of the disease process, Ossicular erosion and status of various important anatomical structure. Keywords: Preoperative, HRCT, Intraoperative, Atticoantral, CSOM, Mastoidectomy, Ossicular necrosis.

Back ground: Recurrent laryngeal nerves being adjacent to the thyroid glands are prone to surgical trauma by thyroid surgery done for thyroid disease leading to vocal cord paralysis. Aim: To determine frequency of vocal cord paralysis in thyroidectomy Methodology: This is a descriptive cases series was completed in 6 months [December 4, 2019 till June 4, 2020] at Department ENT, Sir Ganga Ram hospital Lahore. The sample technique used is non-probability consecutive sampling .All 170 patients meeting inclusion criteria were inducted in the study from ENT SGR hospital, Lahore. Results: The mean age of all patients was 39.52±11.30 years with minimum and maximum age as 20 and 60 years. There were 91(53.5%) cases that were 20-40 years old and 79(46.5%) cases were 41-60 years old. There were 62(36.5%) male and 108(63.5%) female cases with higher female to male ratio. In 96(56.5%) cases left side and in 74(43.5%) cases right side was involved. There were 37(21.8%) who had vocal cord paralysis while 133(78.2%) cases did not have vocal cord paralysis. Conclusion: It is concluded that high number of patients i.e. 21.8% had vocal cord paralysis, so in future ENT surgeons should adopt safety measures for prevention of VCP such anatomical considerations of the sensitive area Keywords: ENT, thyroidectomy, complications, vocal cord paralysis

Background: Endoscopic Sinus Surgery is a minimally invasive procedure that involves the use of an endoscope to improve sinus airflow and drainage as well as the removal of polyps. The extent of surgery varies depending on the severity of the condition and the surgeon's experience. This method has been utilized to treat sinonasal problems for over a decade. Aim: To find the frequency of success of Endoscopic Surgery in patients of Nasal Polyposis. Study design: Descriptive (Prospective) case series. Setting & duration: Department of ENT Unit II, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore from 27-01-2021 to 26-07-2021. Methods: In current study, 80 patients of Nasal Polyposis were enrolled. All Patients were undergone Endoscopic Surgery procedure, following the patient at 3 weeks post-operatively as per operational definition addressed by success. Post-stratification chi-square test was applied. Results: Regarding age distribution, mean age was observed 37.60±4.479 years ranged from 30 to 45 years.35 patients were below 38 years of age whereas 45 patients were either 38 years or above. Out of 80 patients, 44 patients (55%) were male while remaining 36 patients (45%) were female. Frequency of patient success after Endoscopic surgery in Nasal polyposis was 64(80%). Conclusion: In conclusion, the success of the patients was considered to be high and comparable to recent literatures both local and international. The percentage of success of patients was higher i.e. 80%. Key words: Success, Endoscopic sinus surgery, Nasal Polyposis.

BACKGROUND: Tonsillectomy is the most routinely performed surgical operation in the recent years.  There have been lots of controversies about tonsillectomy techniques to provide better conditions with more benefits and less complications. Coblation tonsillectomy is an advanced surgical technique and demands further research to be proven as a suitable and standard method of tonsillectomy. For more than a century, traditional dissection tonsillectomy has remained the gold standard for tonsil removal.   OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to compare mean operation time and blood loss after radiofrequency coblation tonsillectomy versus dissection tonsillectomy in management of patients with chronic tonsillitis RESULTS: The mean age of cases in this study was 33.78±16.21 years with 56(46.67%) male and 64(53.335) female cases in this study. In dissection group mean blood loos was 143.63±34 mL and in Coblation group the mean blood loos was 113.45±24.61 mL, p-value < 0.001. The mean surgery time in dissection group was 40.08±6.64 minutes and in Coblation group was 32.62±4.21 minutes with significantly less in Coblation method when compared with dissection group, p-value < 0.001.   Conclusion: Through the findings of this study we found that radiofrequency Coblation yields less mean operation time and mean blood loss when compared with dissection tonsillectomy in management of patients with chronic tonsillitis. Using radiofrequency Coblation better outcome can be achieved along with patient’s and surgeons satisfaction.

Aim: To determine the histopathologic healing patterns after tonsillectomy done by dissection ligation versus electrocautery technique. Setting: ENT Unit II of Fatima Jinnah Medical University Sir Ganga Raam Hospital Lahore Duration: 1st July 2021 to 30th June 2022 Study Design: Randomised control trial Sampling: Total of 106 patients were included and divided into 2 groups with probability simple random sampling. Methods: All patients of 10 to 18 years of age with history and examination that was consistent with recurrent tonsillitis were included. Group A underwent tonsillectomy with dissection-ligation technique and Group B with electrocautery. At 7th post operative day tissue samples were taken from palatopharyngeal arch and sent for histopathologic evaluation and healing was graded as good, fair and poor. Patients with acute inflammatory conditions of tonsil or suspicion of malignancy, post tonsillectomy hemorrhage and those with co morbidities were excluded. Results: Mean age of Group A was 13.79 years and in Group B mean age was 13.54 years. When we calculated the association of inflammation, granulation tissue formation, pattern and orientation of collagen fibers between the two groups, the resulting p value was <0.05 in each category. This shows that all the parameters that favors healing were scored high in Group A. Mean of healing score of each group was also calculated. Mean of healing score of Group A is 10.8302 and of Group B is 9.5849. Practical implication As in our study healing outcomes of tonsillectomy done by dissection ligation technique is better as compared to electrocautery, better healing in dissection method will result in quick recovery and decreasing chances of secondary hemorrhage. Which means that patient can resume regular oral intake early in post operative period. Less inflammation in dissection method will result in less pain and odynophagia and hence improves patient’s comfort and quality of life in immediate post operative period. Conclusion: Dissection ligation technique has better healing outcomes than the electrocautery technique of tonsillectomy. Keywords: Recurrent tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, dissection ligation technique, electrocautery technique, healing outcomes.

Background: One of the most popular surgical operations performed using a variety of techniques is a tonsillectomy. The two that are used the most frequently are the traditional cold dissection technique (CDT) and electrocautery, the latter of which is carried out using the monopolar and bipolar electrocautery procedures (BET).All techniques used during tonsillectomy are intended to lessen perioperative bleeding, the intensity of felt pain, and postoperative morbidities. Aim: To compare the outcomes of the bipolar electro cautery tonsillectomy versus cold steel dissection pediatric tonsillectomy in terms of mean-operative time and intra-operative blood loss. Setting: ENT department of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, F.J. Medical University Lahore from 11-03-2022 to 10-09-2022 Study design: Randomized Controlled Trial Study type: Quantitative study type Methods: The sample size of 110 (55 in group A 55 in group B) was estimated by using 95% confidence level, 90% power of test with an anticipated mean loss of blood during surgery of tonsillectomy i.e. 7.38±2.81m1 with bipolar electro cautery dissection and 11.73±2.86 ml with cold steel dissection. Results: One hundred and ten patients were included as per calculated sample size with the mean age of 8.96±2.42 years. The lowest age limit of children was 5 years while the maximum age limit of children was 13 years. In group A, the mean age of children was 8.80±2.46 years. In group B, the mean age of children was 9.13±2.38 years. The difference was observed as insignificant i.e. p--value = 0.481. Of 110 patients, 67(60.91%) patients were male whereas in group B 29(52.7%) were males. Similarly in group A 17(30.9%) were females and 26(47.3%) were females. The difference was observed as insignificant i.e. p--value = 0.079.In group A, the mean operative time was 19.76±4.47 minutes. Conclusion: This study concluded that bipolar electro cautery tonsillectomy showed significantly better outcome as compared to cold steel dissection pediatric tonsillectomy. Keywords: Cold dissection tonsillectomy, Electrocautery tonsillectomy, Mean operative time, Intra operative blood loss.