IntroductionMigraine, a primary headache disorder, is usually recurrent with moderate to severe intensity. Migraine is the third most common cause of disability under the age of 50. There are various scoring systems for assessing this disability, one of which is MIDAS; the Migraine Disability Assessment Score. The objective of our study was to determine the extent of disability among migraine patients, patterns of prophylaxis, and their healthcare-seeking behaviors.MethodsThis survey was done in 50 migraine patients at Jinnah postgraduate medical Centre from April to May 2018. The questionnaire inquired about the demographic information, management of migraine, and effect of this condition on their sleep, and the last part had assessment to know about their functional disability.ResultsThe majority of the patients were females with a mean age of 31 ± 10 years. Acetaminophen was the most common medication used during a migraine attack, followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Only 54% of subjects admitted using prophylaxis, out of which 94% had stopped taking it after some time, with the most common reason being their side effects. β-blockers were the most common prophylaxis used. Only 32% had a regular follow-up visit with their doctors. Patients were graded according to the MIDAS score as: little or no disability, 22%; mild disability, 14%; moderate disability, 24%; and severe disability, 40%.ConclusionsThe majority of migraine patients were found to have severe disability, which affected their daily work and social activities. Despite an increase in disability rate due to migraine, people do not seek regular medical care for this type of headache in Pakistan.

Boron is considered important to improve the drought resistance, yield and protein contents of pulses. Two years of field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of boron application and water stress given at vegetative and flowering stages on growth, yield and protein contents of mungbean during spring 2014 and 2015. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement giving more emphasis to boron. The experiment comprised three water stress levels (normal irrigation, water stress at vegetative stage and water stress at reproductive phase) and four boron levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 kg ha-1). Final seed yield was significantly increased by different levels of boron application both under normal and water stressed conditions. The increase in yield was mainly due to greater plant height, number of pods bearing branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-grain weight. Boron application at 4 kg ha-1 caused 17%, 10% and 4% increase in grain yield under normal irrigation, stress at vegetative stage and water stress at reproductive phase, respectively. Protein contents were also increased (9-16%) at same boron treatment. Most parameters showed a marked decrease at higher dose (6 kg ha-1) of boron. In conclusion, the boron application at rate of 4 kg ha-1 in clay-loam soil performed the best to enhance mungbean growth, yield and seed protein both under normal and water stressed conditions.

Background: Excessive Internet use may induce depression, influence relationships, and decrease academic performance. There is scarce information about Internet addiction in Pakistan. This study aimed to determine prevalence of Internet addiction and its relationship with depression and academic performance. Methods: A study based on a self-administered survey was carried out at a medical school in Peshawar, Pakistan. Participants were medical students (MBBS) and a non-randomized convenience sampling technique was utilized for data collection. We collected demographic information, last professional exam score, Internet addiction, and depression scores using the Young’s Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. The analysis included binomial 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) estimations and linear and logistic regressions to assess variables relations. Results: We analyzed responses from 231 participants (380 students approached and 250 responded: response rate=65.79%, 19 excluded), 64.07% were male and the age average was 21±2 years. Profound and slight addiction to the Internet was found in 9.09% (95%CI=5.71-13.56) and 41.99% (95%CI=35.55-48.64) of students, respectively. Frequency of depression (mild-severe) was 59.74% (95%CI=53.11-66.12). Levels of Internet addiction and depression were found associated after adjusting by sex and age (β=0.27, R2=0.03, p-value=0.009). Internet addiction (OR=0.54, 95%CI=0.2-1.49, p-value=0.23) and depression (OR=0.62, 95%CI=0.36-1.09, p-value=0.10) were not significantly associated with low grades after adjusting by sex and age. Conclusion: More than half of the students are having excessive Internet usage which could result in despondency and academic performance deterioration. Internet addiction should be considered an emerging challenge and appropriate mitigation measures should be taken opportunely.

Experiments made for 2 years on a sandy-loam soil showed that previous grain crops of mung bean (Vigna radiata), cow pea (V. unguiculata) and black gram (V. mungo) increased the grain and straw yield of a subsequent crop of rice relative to previous fodder crops of maize or guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) or a grain crop of Phaseolus bean (Phaseohcs vulgar is). The benefits from preceding crops of mung bean, cow pea or black gram were equivalent to 36-67 kg N/ha of chemical fertilizer applied to the rice crop following a cereal. The legumes improved yield-contributing characters such as number of productive tillers/m 2 , panicle length and number of grains/panicle. The yield increase from the preceding legumes was noted even when the rice crop was given increasing rates of fertilizer up to 90 kg N/ha. bicarbonate soluble P/kg soil), medium in K (95mg/kg soil) and organic carbon (0-78%). Fertilizer N use efficiency is generally low in the Four grain legumes, mung bean (Vigna radiata), rice paddies of the tropics and the yield of the crop cow pea (V. unguiculata), black gram (V. mungo) is poor under peasant farmer conditions. In order and Phaseolus bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a fodder to sustain crop productivity, green manuring has legume, guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), and a fodder been practised in tropical Asia for a long time cereal, maize (Zea mays), were grown in main plots (Ghose, Ghatge & Subrahmanyam, 1956; Nagai, of a split-plot experiment replicated three times. 1959). Tree loppings or green manures are in-At sowing each plot, which measured 10 x 6 m, recorporated into the soil prior to transplanting rice ceived diammonium phosphate (18% N:20%P) in many south-east Asian countries. With increasing at the rate of 100 kg/ha, and the legumes were pressure on land and burgeoning human popula-inoculated with appropriate rhizobial strains. The tion, in situ green manuring is currently difficult, cereal fodder received an additional top dressing Several grain and fodder legumes fix atmospheric of urea (100 kg/ha) 20 days after sowing. After the nitrogen ranging between 45 and 217 kg N/ha harvest of these crops and removal of all above- (Peizar & Reid, 1958). Some of these legumes grown ground residues the soil was puddled and rice cv. for their economic value can also benefit subsequent Tela Hamsa transplanted. Each plot was subcrops (Dyke & Slope, 1978;Jones, 1974). Quanti-sequently split into four subplots which were given tative estimates of this benefit are not available for different rates of N, 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha. N was the rice crop. The present study attempted to applied as urea in three equal instalments at sowevaluate quantitatively any benefit rice crop may ing, active tillering and panicle initiation stages, derive from a previous grain or fodder legume.Growth observations were made on ten rice plants selected at random in each plot and harvest records

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The effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on aggregation of variably-charged red soils (Ultisol) through clay zeta potential is not fully understood. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the SOM effect on the clay zeta potential and soil aggregation after fertilization. Soils under 17 years of fertilization (manure, NPK + straw, NPK, and control (CK) were adjusted by KCl solution to reach varying soil pH and concentration in order to determine clay zeta potential, cations, and aggregate size distribution. The SOM content and C-functional groups by 13C-NMR analysis were also determined. Results showed that the negative zeta potential displayed a bell-shaped pattern with increasing concentration of KCl, but displayed different amplitude of variation among treatments. Manure had the highest zeta potential value and its degree of variation in relative to the value at KCl concentration of 0.1 mol L−1 (19%), NPK + straw and NPK treatments were similar, and CK was the least. Greater negative zeta potential for manure treatment was attributed to higher SOM content, aromatic-C functional groups, and their greater concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ than did the CK. As a result, higher SOM and clay zeta potential yielded in less release of amount of soil particles (< 10 μm) (r = − 0.46*) and enhanced water stable macroaggregates for manure instead of NPK + straw. Long-term manure fertilization would be suggested as a conservation practice for red soil due to its increase in soil aggregate stability and negative zeta potential in subtropical climate.

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Improper use of fertilizers and its ratio is one of the main reasons for low productivity; therefore balance fertilization is required to maintain crop production and improved soil fertility. Therefore the experiment was carried out at Cereal Crop Research Institute (CCRI) Pirsabak, Distract Nowshera KP, Pakistan during Kharif 2016. To study the effect of different phosphorus (P) sources and their ratios on maize yield and yield components, an experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication. The treatments consisted of sole application of Farmyard Manure (FYM), Poultry Manure (PM) and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), 75% FYM+25% DAP, 50% FYM+50% DAP, 75% PM+25% DAP, 50% PM+50% DAP and a control treatment with no P fertilizer. Phosphorus was applied at the rate of 100 kg ha -1 from different sources in different ratios. The results indicated a significant effect of different phosphorus sources on days to tasselling, days to silking, days to maturity, plant height, grains ear -1 , grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index, whereas the emergence m -2 was found non-significant with different P sources. The combined use of organic and inorganic P sources delayed tasselling, silking and maturity. Plant height, grains ear -1 , biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index was also higher with the addition of P from both sources as compared with the sole application of organic or inorganic fertilizer. The combined application of organic manures 50:50 (FYM or PM) and inorganic fertilizer (DAP) performed better as compared to the rest of the ratios and produced higher yield and yield components.