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This article reviews the current status of automotive brake disc research and the prospects for future research. At present, the research of brake disc performance mainly includes thermal conductivity, thermal fatigue resistance, wear resistance, and brake noise. It is found that a new alloy composite, heat treatment process, ceramic composite, new structure, and new materials are emerging. At the same time, it was found that ceramic and resin were used as the matrix, fiber materials were used as reinforcements to prepare brake discs, the addition of new fillers and the study of special reinforcement materials have become new hotspots in the study of brake discs. In the future development, carbon-fiber ceramic brake discs may become the main research focus of brake discs.

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In this paper, a variety of micro-textures made by imitating the biological body surface are mentioned, and four common biomimetic texture types—convex hull, pit, groove and corrugation—are summarized by referring to a large number of literatures. These texture types that are widely used are those of the grooves and the pits of non-smooth surface because their viscosity drag reduction effects are relatively optimal for wear-resistance; in view of these two types of textures (with others including pit diameter, groove width, depth and area of share, and morphology spacing), we use data analysis and comparisons to find optimal parameter values in order to find the optimal effect of drag reduction and anti-sticking wear-resistance. Several texture processing methods are briefly introduced through case analysis and an illustration of the viscosity drag reduction mechanism of wear-resistance, and general fluid dynamic pressure is deduced from a theory formula in order to facilitate future research work on the basis of the optimal parameters to further improve the friction, wear lubrication, and hydrophobic properties, thus improving the bionic texture surface efficiency of saving energy and reducing consumption in industrial applications.

BackgroundAutophagy has been proven to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma and the regulation of the airway epithelial immune microenvironment. However, a systematic analysis of the clinical importance of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) regulating the immune microenvironment in patients with asthma remains lacking.MethodsClustering based on the k-means unsupervised clustering method was performed to identify autophagy-related subtypes in asthma. ARG-related diagnostic markers in low-autophagy subtypes were screened, the infiltration of immune cells in the airway epithelium was evaluated by the CIBERSORT, and the correlation between diagnostic markers and infiltrating immune cells was analyzed. On the basis of the expression of ARGs and combined with asthma control, a risk prediction model was established and verified by experiments.ResultsA total of 66 differentially expressed ARGs and 2 subtypes were identified between mild to moderate and severe asthma. Significant differences were observed in asthma control and FEV1 reversibility between the two subtypes, and the low-autophagy subtype was closely associated with severe asthma, energy metabolism, and hormone metabolism. The autophagy gene SERPINB10 was identified as a diagnostic marker and was related to the infiltration of immune cells, such as activated mast cells and neutrophils. Combined with asthma control, a risk prediction model was constructed, the expression of five risk genes was supported by animal experiments, was established for ARGs related to the prediction model.ConclusionAutophagy plays a crucial role in the diversity and complexity of the asthma immune microenvironment and has clinical value in treatment response and prognosis.