The majority of infants with congenital tuberculosis onset within 2-3 weeks after delivery had no specific manifestations. Anti-tuberculosis medication could reduce the mortality. The age of onset, presence of intracranial lesions, anti-tuberculosis treatment, specific image performances and leukocyte count were related to the prognosis of congenital tuberculosis.

Objective To assess the effect of volume-targeted ventilation (VTV) compared with pressure-limited ventilation (PLV) in preterm infants. Method We searched the Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2013), PubMed (1966 to 5 March 2013, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and periodical databases (1979( to 5 March 2013. We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of VTV versus PLV as active interventions in preterm infants. We performed meta-analyses using the Cochrane statistical package RevMan 5.0. Results Eighteen trials met our inclusion criteria. There was no evidence that VTV modes reduced the incidence of death (relative risk (RR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.05). The use of VTV modes resulted in a reduction in the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.82) and duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference (MD) −2.0 days, 95% CI −3.14 to −0.86). Conclusions Preterm infants ventilated using VTV modes had reduced duration of mechanical ventilation, incidence of BPD, failure of primary mode of ventilation, hypocarbia, grade 3/4 IVH, pneumothorax and PVL compared with preterm infants ventilated using PLV modes. There was no evidence that infants ventilated with VTV modes had reduced death compared to infants ventilated using PLV modes.

The preliminary results demonstrate that IL-17 SNP rs2275913 was associated with several asthma-related traits and confers genetic susceptibility to childhood asthma. It may be used to develop markers to assess the risk of asthma, especially in the bronchiolitis population. It may be a potential bridge to connect the bacterial colonization and the onset of asthma.

Infants often develop reactive airway diseases subsequent to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), a class of lipid mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and asthma, are released during RSV infection, thereby contributing to the pathogenic changes in airway inflammation. Many pediatric patients, especially those of very young age, continue to have recurrent episodes of lower airway obstruction after bronchiolitis treatment. This study was to systematically review and assessed the efficacy of montelukast for preventing wheezing in patients with post-bronchiolitis. The Cochrane library, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) periodical databases were screened for studies related to use of montelukast for preventing post-bronchiolitis wheezing published up to 31 December 2012. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs using montelukast alone as an active intervention in infants up to 24 months of age with post-bronchiolitis were selected. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality using the recommendations published by the Cochrane Collaboration. The meta-analyses were performed using the Cochrane statistical package RevMan5.0.0. Four trials, containing 1430 infants with confirmed diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis, were analyzed. Patients were administered montelukast at post-bronchiolitis. Three trials showed no effects of montelukast on reducing the incidence of recurrent wheezing risk ratios (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.55-1.12, p = 0.17), while two trials found that montelukast did reduce the frequency of recurrent wheezing and another two trials demonstrated no effects of montelukast on symptom-free days. The pooled montelukast treatment group showed no significant effect on reducing the usage of corticosteroids, as compared to the placebo group (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.85-1.44, p = 0.45). Two trials showed that montelukast significantly decreased serum eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels, as compared to the control group. In general, the side effects of rash, vomiting, and insomnia caused by montelukast occurred in 1.5% of patients analyzed. The recent evidences indicate that montelukast may reduce the frequency of post-bronchiolitic wheezing without causing significant side effects but that it has no effects on decreasing incidences of recurrent wheezing, symptom-free days, or the associated usage of corticosteroid in post-bronchiolitis patients. The small number of enrolled participants and the inability to pool all clinical outcomes precludes us from making solid recommendations.

This study aims to analyze the etiology of nonspecific chronic cough in children of 5 years and younger, in order to improve the diagnostic and treatment levels of pediatricians for nonspecific chronic cough in young children.The clinical data of 85 cases of children of 5 years old and below, who suffered from nonspecific chronic cough between the period of January 2015 and August 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The etiology distribution of 85 cases of children with nonspecific chronic cough were as follows: 27 cases had cough variant asthma (31.8%), 32 cases had upper airway cough syndrome (37.6%), 16 cases had cough after infection (18.8%), 3 cases had gastroesophageal reflux cough (3.5%), 2 cases had allergic cough (2.4%), and 5 cases had unknown causes of cough (5.9%).The main composition ratio of the etiology of chronic cough in children of 5 years old and below is as follows (in sequence): upper airway cough syndrome, cough variant asthma, and post infection cough.

Objectives To examine the application and effects of virtual scenario simulation combined with problem-based learning (PBL) in teaching paediatric medical students. Methods Participants were 300 paediatric medical students randomly divided into a study group and control group. Students in the study group were taught using virtual scenario simulation combined with PBL; students in the control group were taught using conventional teaching methods. Academic performance, knowledge of paediatrics, self-evaluation of comprehensive ability and degree of learning satisfaction were evaluated. Results Students in the study group showed considerably higher academic performance and noticeably higher classroom performance. Paediatric knowledge, comprising initiating communication, collecting information, giving information, understanding the paediatric patient and concluding communication, was higher for students in the study group. The degree of learning satisfaction was higher for students in the study group. Conclusion Virtual scenario simulation combined with PBL can effectively improve students’ academic performance, mastery of paediatric knowledge, comprehensive ability evaluation and learning satisfaction. The broader application of this approach should be explored for medical student education.

The present study investigated the role of montelukast (MK) during the progression of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPd) and the underlying mechanism of action. a rat model of BPd was induced by hyperoxia and subsequently, the rats were treated with 10 mg/kg MK. on day 14 post-hyperoxia induction, lung function was assessed by detecting the mean linear intercept (Mli; the average alveolar diameter), the radial alveolar count (rac; alveolar septation and alveologenesis) and the lung weight/body weight (lW/BW) ratio. Type ii alveolar epithelial (aec ii) cells were isolated from normal rats to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of MK on BPd in vitro. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative Pcr were performed to measure the expression levels of surfactant protein c (SP-c), e-cadherin, n-cadherin, Vimentin, collagen i (col i), matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)1/3, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and Smad3. MK significantly reduced the Mli and the lW/BW ratio, and increased the rac of the BPd group compared with the control group. MK upregulated the expression of SP-c and e-cadherin, and downregulated the expression levels of n-cadherin and Vimentin in the lung tissues of the rat model of BPd, as well as in TGF-β1-and hyperoxia-induced aec ii cells. in addition, MK reduced the expression of col i, MMP1, MMP3, TGF-β1 and Smad3 in the lung tissues of the rat model of BPd, as well as in TGF-β1-and hyperoxia-induced aec ii cells. The present study demonstrated that MK improved BPd by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition via inactivating the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway.

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