Abstract-In the last years, traffic over wireless networks has been increasing exponentially due to the impact of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is transforming a wide range of services in different domains of urban life, such as environmental monitoring, home automation and public transportation. The so-called Smart City applications will introduce a set of stringent requirements, such as low latency and high mobility, since services must be allocated and instantiated on-demand simultaneously close to multiple devices at different locations. Efficient resource provisioning functionalities are needed to address these demanding constraints introduced by Smart City applications while minimizing resource costs and maximizing Quality of Service (QoS). In this article, the City of Things (CoT) framework is presented, which provides not only data collection and analysis functionalities but also automated resource provisioning mechanisms for future Smart City applications. CoT is deployed as a Smart City testbed in Antwerp (Belgium) that allows researchers and developers to easily setup and validate IoT experiments. A Smart City use case based on Air Quality Monitoring through the deployment of air quality sensors in moving cars has been presented showing the full applicability of the CoT framework for a flexible and scalable resource provisioning in the Smart City ecosystem.
Context-aware platforms consist of dynamic algorithms that take the context information into account to adapt the behavior of the applications. The relevant context information is modeled in a context model. Recently, a trend has emerged towards capturing the context in an ontology, which formally models the concepts within a certain domain, their relations and properties.Although much research has been done on the subject, the adoption of context-aware services in healthcare is lagging behind what could be expected. The main complaint made by users is that they had to significantly alter workflow patterns to accommodate the system. When new technology is introduced, the behavior of the users changes to adapt to it. Moreover, small differences in user requirements often occur between different environments where the application is deployed. However, it is difficult to foresee these * Corresponding author: Tel.: +32 9 331 49 38, Fax: +32 9 331 48 99 changes in workflow patterns and requirements at development time. Consequently, the context-aware applications are not tuned towards the needs of the users and they are required to change their behavior to accommodate the technology instead of the other way around.To tackle this issue, a self-learning, probabilistic, ontology-based frame- as a reason for nurse calls is used as a realistic scenario to evaluate the correctness and performance of the proposed framework. It is shown that correct results are achieved when the dataset contains at least 1,000 instances and the amount of noise is lower than 5%. The execution time and memory usage are also negligible for a realistic dataset, i.e., below 100 ms and 10 MB.
The complexity of continuous care settings has increased due to an ageing population, a dwindling number of caregivers and increasing costs. Electronic healthcare (eHealth) solutions are often introduced to deal with these issues.This technological equipment further increases the complexity of healthcare as the caregivers are responsible for integrating and configuring these solutions to their needs. Small differences in user requirements often occur between various environments where the services are deployed. It is difficult to capture these nuances at development time. Consequently, the services are not tuned towards the users' needs. This paper describes our experiences with extending an eHealth application with self-learning components such that it can automatically adjust its parameters at run-time to the users' needs and preferences. These components gather information about the usage of the application. This collected * Corresponding author: Tel.: +32 9 331 49 38, Fax: +32 9 331 48 99 information is processed by data mining techniques to learn the parameter values for the application. Each discovered parameter is associated with a probability, which expresses its reliability. Unreliable values are filtered. The remaining parameters and their reliability are integrated into the application.The eHealth application used is the ontology-based Nurse Call System (oNCS), which assesses the priority of a call based on the current context and assigns the most appropriate caregiver to a call. Decision trees and Bayesian networks are used to learn and adjust the parameters of the oNCS. For a realistic dataset of 1,050 instances, correct parameter values are discovered very efficiently as the components require at most 100 milliseconds execution time and 20 megabyte memory.
BackgroundComputerized ICUs rely on software services to convey the medical condition of their patients as well as assisting the staff in taking treatment decisions. Such services are useful for following clinical guidelines quickly and accurately. However, the development of services is often time-consuming and error-prone. Consequently, many care-related activities are still conducted based on manually constructed guidelines. These are often ambiguous, which leads to unnecessary variations in treatments and costs.The goal of this paper is to present a semi-automatic verification and translation framework capable of turning manually constructed diagrams into ready-to-use programs. This framework combines the strengths of the manual and service-oriented approaches while decreasing their disadvantages. The aim is to close the gap in communication between the IT and the medical domain. This leads to a less time-consuming and error-prone development phase and a shorter clinical evaluation phase.MethodsA framework is proposed that semi-automatically translates a clinical guideline, expressed as an XML-based flow chart, into a Drools Rule Flow by employing semantic technologies such as ontologies and SWRL. An overview of the architecture is given and all the technology choices are thoroughly motivated. Finally, it is shown how this framework can be integrated into a service-oriented architecture (SOA).ResultsThe applicability of the Drools Rule language to express clinical guidelines is evaluated by translating an example guideline, namely the sedation protocol used for the anaesthetization of patients, to a Drools Rule Flow and executing and deploying this Rule-based application as a part of a SOA. The results show that the performance of Drools is comparable to other technologies such as Web Services and increases with the number of decision nodes present in the Rule Flow. Most delays are introduced by loading the Rule Flows.ConclusionsThe framework is an effective solution for computerizing clinical guidelines as it allows for quick development, evaluation and human-readable visualization of the Rules and has a good performance. By monitoring the parameters of the patient to automatically detect exceptional situations and problems and by notifying the medical staff of tasks that need to be performed, the computerized sedation guideline improves the execution of the guideline.
INTRODUCTIONToday more than ever, public transportation operators are aware of the importance of investing in their passengers. Moreover, meeting passengers' public transportation needs, in addition to important environmental aspects (Hua, 2016, Pålsson & Kovács, 2014, Guerra et. al, 2016) is acknowledged as a central goal in the European Commission's transport strategy roadmap. (European Commission, 2011) In this roadmap, it is shown that acting on issues important to passengers, such as reducing noise in a train or providing wireless connectivity, enriches the customer experience. At the same time, due to the current information-centric nature of society, passengers expect public transportation to be more and more augmented/personalised with information from various sources (e.g. social networks, multimodal travel information) (Sierpiński, 2017, van Lier et. al, 2014. Recent ICT developments present opportunities to meet passengers' rising expectations. As a result, the amount of available mobile travel applications offering travel information to passengers has grown exponentially (Gardner, Haeusler & Tomitsch, 2010). Contemporary mobile applications, such as the travel information apps provided by European railway companies e.g. NMBS, NS, Deutsche Bahn, National Rail and SNCF, mostly offer Real Time Train Information (RTTI) about arrival and departure times as well as mobile ticketing services. Many mobile RTTI applications are mostly context specific, single-purpose applications that provide a solution to a particular problem or requirement. However, according to ORR, the (British) Office of Rail and Road, passengers want to receive live information and they want it at their fingertips (Office of Rail Regulation, 2012). Since the initial publication of this report, where train operators are required to provide appropriate, accurate and timely information to enable (prospective) passengers to plan and make their journeys with a reasonable degree of assurance, including in times of disruption, the ORR has elaborated on this key requirement. The ORR requires from a train operating company to publish a code on practice setting out how it will ensure compliance with this directive. In 2014, further studies and surveys were conducted to see whether passengers had noticed tangible improvements. The conclusions highlighted some improvements, but also raised a number of areas where special attention was needed. As a result of this, the ORR published a new regulatory guidance, in collaboration with the industry (Rail Delivery Group, 2016) which issued 50 recommendations, in 2016 (Office of Rail and Road, 2016).According to the Danish Rail operator DSB for instance, a delay is often not experienced as being problematic, as long as passengers are assisted and know how long they will have to wait, how they could move on from the next station, whether there is still time to grab a coffee, etc. Access to RTTI positively changes passengers' perception and experience of the quality of the public transportation serv...
The ICU of Ghent University Hospital is currently evaluating a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) that supports physicians in the follow-up of patients by providing a number of medical support services. The main idea behind SOA is the separation of the functions of the system into well-defined, independent, reusable and distributable services. However, sometimes physicians require a more specific or slightly different functionality than the existing services offer. In these situations the system architecture imposes the time-consuming and error-prone development and testing of a new service. To counter this, a framework was developed that integrates a Rule-based component with the existing SOA platform. This allows users to add new functionalities as easy understandable Rules. This integration can be constructed in two ways. In the database-driven approach the Rule-based system is an extra layer between the database and the services. The service-oriented approach, on the other hand, works with the data provided by the services and does not interact directly with the database. Both approaches are detailed and compared to each other. Both solutions were evaluated with a medical use case, namely detecting Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in patients in the ICU
INTRODUCTIONToday more than ever, public transportation operators are aware of the importance of investing in their passengers. Moreover, meeting passengers' public transportation needs, in addition to important environmental aspects (Hua, 2016, Pålsson & Kovács, 2014, Guerra et. al, 2016) is acknowledged as a central goal in the European Commission's transport strategy roadmap. (European Commission, 2011) In this roadmap, it is shown that acting on issues important to passengers, such as reducing noise in a train or providing wireless connectivity, enriches the customer experience. At the same time, due to the current information-centric nature of society, passengers expect public transportation to be more and more augmented/personalised with information from various sources (e.g. social networks, multimodal travel information) (Sierpiński, 2017, van Lier et. al, 2014. Recent ICT developments present opportunities to meet passengers' rising expectations. As a result, the amount of available mobile travel applications offering travel information to passengers has grown exponentially (Gardner, Haeusler & Tomitsch, 2010). Contemporary mobile applications, such as the travel information apps provided by European railway companies e.g. NMBS, NS, Deutsche Bahn, National Rail and SNCF, mostly offer Real Time Train Information (RTTI) about arrival and departure times as well as mobile ticketing services. Many mobile RTTI applications are mostly context specific, single-purpose applications that provide a solution to a particular problem or requirement. However, according to ORR, the (British) Office of Rail and Road, passengers want to receive live information and they want it at their fingertips (Office of Rail Regulation, 2012). Since the initial publication of this report, where train operators are required to provide appropriate, accurate and timely information to enable (prospective) passengers to plan and make their journeys with a reasonable degree of assurance, including in times of disruption, the ORR has elaborated on this key requirement. The ORR requires from a train operating company to publish a code on practice setting out how it will ensure compliance with this directive. In 2014, further studies and surveys were conducted to see whether passengers had noticed tangible improvements. The conclusions highlighted some improvements, but also raised a number of areas where special attention was needed. As a result of this, the ORR published a new regulatory guidance, in collaboration with the industry (Rail Delivery Group, 2016) which issued 50 recommendations, in 2016 (Office of Rail and Road, 2016).According to the Danish Rail operator DSB for instance, a delay is often not experienced as being problematic, as long as passengers are assisted and know how long they will have to wait, how they could move on from the next station, whether there is still time to grab a coffee, etc. Access to RTTI positively changes passengers' perception and experience of the quality of the public transportation serv...
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