Over the past decade, mobile computing and wireless communication have become increasingly important drivers of many new computing applications. The field of wireless sensor networks particularly focuses on applications involving autonomous use of compute, sensing, and wireless communication devices for both scientific and commercial purposes. This paper examines the research decisions and design tradeoffs that arise when applying wireless peer-to-peer networking techniques in a mobile sensor network designed to support wildlife tracking for biology research.The ZebraNet system includes custom tracking collars (nodes) carried by animals under study across a large, wild area; the collars operate as a peer-to-peer network to deliver logged data back to researchers. The collars include global positioning system (GPS), Flash memory, wireless transceivers, and a small CPU; essentially each node is a small, wireless computing device. Since there is no cellular service or broadcast communication covering the region where animals are studied, ad hoc, peer-to-peer routing is needed. Although numerous ad hoc protocols exist, additional challenges arise because the researchers themselves are mobile and thus there is no fixed base station towards which to aim data. Overall, our goal is to use the least energy, storage, and other resources necessary to maintain a reliable system with a very high `data homing' success rate. We plan to deploy a 30-node ZebraNet system at the Mpala Research Centre in central Kenya. More broadly, we believe that the domain-centric protocols and energy tradeoffs presented here for ZebraNet will have general applicability in other wireless and sensor applications.

Over the past decade, mobile computing and wireless communication have become increasingly important drivers of many new computing applications. The field of wireless sensor networks particularly focuses on applications involving autonomous use of compute, sensing, and wireless communication devices for both scientific and commercial purposes. This paper examines the research decisions and design tradeoffs that arise when applying wireless peer-to-peer networking techniques in a mobile sensor network designed to support wildlife tracking for biology research.The ZebraNet system includes custom tracking collars (nodes) carried by animals under study across a large, wild area; the collars operate as a peer-to-peer network to deliver logged data back to researchers. The collars include global positioning system (GPS), Flash memory, wireless transceivers, and a small CPU; essentially each node is a small, wireless computing device. Since there is no cellular service or broadcast communication covering the region where animals are studied, ad hoc, peer-to-peer routing is needed. Although numerous ad hoc protocols exist, additional challenges arise because the researchers themselves are mobile and thus there is no fixed base station towards which to aim data. Overall, our goal is to use the least energy, storage, and other resources necessary to maintain a reliable system with a very high 'data homing' success rate. We plan to deploy a 30-node ZebraNet system at the Mpala Research Centre in central Kenya. More broadly, we believe that the domain-centric protocols and energy tradeoffs presented here for ZebraNet will have general applicability in other wireless azld sensor applications.

Over the past decade, mobile computing and wireless communication have become increasingly important drivers of many new computing applications. The field of wireless sensor networks particularly focuses on applications involving autonomous use of compute, sensing, and wireless communication devices for both scientific and commercial purposes. This paper examines the research decisions and design tradeoffs that arise when applying wireless peer-to-peer networking techniques in a mobile sensor network designed to support wildlife tracking for biology research.The ZebraNet system includes custom tracking collars (nodes) carried by animals under study across a large, wild area; the collars operate as a peer-to-peer network to deliver logged data back to researchers. The collars include global positioning system (GPS), Flash memory, wireless transceivers, and a small CPU; essentially each node is a small, wireless computing device. Since there is no cellular service or broadcast communication covering the region where animals are studied, ad hoc, peer-to-peer routing is needed. Although numerous ad hoc protocols exist, additional challenges arise because the researchers themselves are mobile and thus there is no fixed base station towards which to aim data. Overall, our goal is to use the least energy, storage, and other resources necessary to maintain a reliable system with a very high `data homing' success rate. We plan to deploy a 30-node ZebraNet system at the Mpala Research Centre in central Kenya. More broadly, we believe that the domain-centric protocols and energy tradeoffs presented here for ZebraNet will have general applicability in other wireless and sensor applications.

Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Jiang, M., Zhu, L., Li, J., Luo, M., Ren, H. and Liu, L. 2014. Molecular cloning, recombinant protein expression, tissue distribution and functional analysis of a new c-type lysozyme from Lezhi black goat rumen. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 27–34. Three major distinct types of lysozymes have been identified in the animal kingdom and most lysozymes cloned from ruminants belong to the chicken-type (c-type). In this study, a new c-type lysozyme gene, named LZRLyz, was cloned and sequenced from the Lezhi black goat rumen. The LZRLyz cDNA has a 444 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 147 amino acid polypeptide. The encoded polypeptide is predicted to have an 18 amino acid signal peptide, and a 129 amino acid mature protein with an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.08. The LZRLyz amino acid sequence shares 70.27% identity with the Capra hircus blood lysozyme and is grouped with other ruminants c-type lysozymes using the phylogenetic tree estimated by Neighbor-Jointing method. The recombinant expressed LZRLyz protein (pET-rLZR) shows a molecular mass of ∼33 kDa, which is consistent with the predicted fusion protein molecular mass and shows antimicrobial activity. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that LZRLyz transcripts are expressed in all tested tissues with the predominant expression being observed in rumen and the weakest one in spleen. Results of this study suggest that the LZRLyz gene represents a new c-type lysozyme gene that likely functions in Lezhi black goat host immunity and digestive systems.

The crash risks of momentum tend to be higher than those of size and value. International diversification lowers the crash risks of size and value but not momentum. The authors examined the conditional correlations and return co-exceedances of style portfolios across countries and found that this difference in the effect of diversification is due to the left (right) tails of momentum (size and value) portfolios being more correlated than the right (left) tails across countries.S tyle investing has grown in popularity among investors. Even at the retail level, as of 2008, there were more than 2,000 mutual funds and exchange-traded funds in the United States with a market-capitalization or value/growth focus. 1 According to statistics reported by Eun, Lai, de Roon, and Zhang (2010), such products are also becoming widely available in other developed countries. With respect to momentum, Jegadeesh and Titman (1993, p. 66) observed that "a majority of the mutual funds examined by Grinblatt and Titman (1989, 1993) show a tendency to buy stocks that have increased in price over the previous quarter."Many studies that have examined extreme events in the international equity market have focused on developing countries (see, e.g., Forbes and Rigobon 2002;Bae, Karolyi, and Stulz 2003;Bekaert, Harvey, and Ng 2005), but the recent financial crisis reminds us that even developed stock markets are not immune to crashes and tail risks. Taleb (2007) and Reinhart and Rogoff (2009), together with many others in the financial press, have also advised investors to pay more attention to these "rare" events.Motivated by the growth in popularity of style investing and the concerns about extreme events among investors, we examined the tail risks of style investing in the G-7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States) over 1981-2010. We evaluated whether portfolios with different size, value, or momentum tilts-the SMB (small minus big), HML (high minus low), and UMD (up minus down, or past winners minus past losers) portfolios-experience different crash risks and whether these risks can be mitigated through international diversification.■ Discussion of findings. Using both expected shortfall and return skewness as measures, we found that the left-tail risks of UMD are significantly higher than those of SMB and HML. 2 For diversified "world" portfolios (equal-weighted portfolios of the G-7 countries), this difference in left-tail risks across styles is even greater. By calculating conditional correlations (i.e., correlations conditional on returns of different magnitudes) and co-exceedances (i.e., joint occurrences of extreme returns) across countries, we found that the extreme negative returns on UMD in different markets tend to occur together, whereas those on SMB and HML tend to be country specific. In fact, for SMB and HML, the right-tail events tend to be more global in nature. These results suggest that momentum crashes cannot be diversified away internationally and explain why internatio...