Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) plays a fundamental role in the inflammatory response by controlling the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the inflammatory roles of different porcine GSK3β isoforms in response to LPS remain unknown. In this study, the activity of porcine GSK3β was inhibited in response to LPS stimulation through increased serine 9 phosphorylation of GSK3β, which increased the production of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 in PK-15 cells. However, treatment with an inhibitor of GSK3β, lithium chloride, significantly increased the production of IL-10 and IL-12 compared with the untreated control and significantly decreased the production of IL-10 and IL-12 compared with LPS stimulation. Moreover, all four glycogen synthase kinase-3 transcripts had positive roles in the production of IL-10 and IL-12 to varying degrees, suggesting their importance in the LPS-induced inflammatory response in pigs.
The treatment performance and microbial diversity of two parallel single-stage activated sludge bioreactors were investigated and compared. An innovative upflow microaerobic sludge bed (UMSB) bioreactor and an aerobic control system (ACS) were operated at dissolved oxygen levels of 0.5-0.9 and 2.5-4 mg/L, respectively. Under similar conditions, at a hydraulic retention time of 25 h, an organic loading rate of 1.4 -0.1 kg COD/m 3 $d, and an influent total phosphate (TP) of 43 -4 mg/L, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of the UMSB and the ACS were 94% -1% and 95% -1%, respectively, and no significant difference in performance was noted between the two systems ( p = 0.498). It was, however, noted that TP removal efficiency of the UMSB (57% -5%) was significantly higher compared with ACS (34% -6%) ( p = 0.00). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that bacteria in the UMSB and ACS were highly diverse and obviously different. It is likely that facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles, and aerobes were able to coexist in the UMSB. This suggests the possibility of constructing microecosystems that integrate anaerobic and aerobic niches in one reactor. In this study, we demonstrate that under oxygen-limited conditions, it is possible to construct a single-stage activated sludge bioreactor for removing organic substances and phosphorous simultaneously. These findings have important consequences for recognizing and supplementing the enhanced biological phosphorus removal process and for developing new energy-saving treatment technologies.
Cathodoluminescence (CL) and mineral inclusions investigations show that zircons from Yinggelisayi UHP metamorphosed granitoid gneiss in Altyn Tagh exhibit core-mantle-rim internal texture with magmatic residual core, the metamorphic overgrowth mantle and the late stage rim. SHRIMP 206Pb/ 238 U ages of 5 spots from the mantles vary from 484±11 to 491±12 Ma with ThlU ratios from 0.01 to 0.03, yielding a weighted average age of 487±10 Ma (20") as the age of the UHP metamorphosed granitoid gneiss. The 206Pb/ 238 U ages from the oscillatory zoned cores range from 809±19 to 885±21 Ma with ThIU ratios ranging from 0.42 to 0.83, which are interpreted as the crystallization age of the protolith of the granitoid gneiss. The metamorphic age (487±1O Ma) of the UHP metamorphosed granitoid gneiss, well consistent with the peak metamorphic age (about 500 Ma) of the UHP eclogite with crystallization age of the protolith between 809±19 and 885±21 Ma at Jianggelisayi in western Altyn Tagh, indicates the existence of a UHPM belt along the south margin of the Altyn Tagh as a result of deep subduction during Early Paleozoic age of previously existing continental crust. Different types of UHP metamorphic rocks have been recently discovered in the Altyn Tagh[I-4], the northern margin of Qadam Basin[S-7], the southwestern Tianshan Mountains [8,9] and the northern Qinling Mountains [IO,ll] in Central and Western China. And these areas have attracted focus attention of geologists at home and abroad to the studying of UHP metamorphism and continental deep subduction. However, as newly discovered UHP metamorphic terranes, some questions have been arisen about the space and time extent of these UHP metamorphic rocks, peak metamorphic ages, the correlation to the deep subduction of continental crust as well as the tectonic relation between these UHP metamorphic Chinese Science Bulletin Vol. 49 No. 23 December 2004 ARTICLES terranes. The recently discovered garnet lherzerlites[l] and their direct country rocks-garnet-bearing granitoid gneisses[2,4] and K-feldspar garnet clinopyroxenites [2,12] from Yingelisayi in the Altyn Tagh have all experienced UHP metamorphism and are the products of deep subduction of crustal rocks. But it is still unclear whether or not these UHP metamorphic rocks construct the same UHP metamorphic belt with UHP eclogites in the western part of the south margin of the Altyn Tagh and the tectonic relationship of these rocks with other UHP rocks discovered in Western China because of the lack of accurate isotopic data of these rocks. Based on the CL images, mineral inclusions and SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons, the authors report in this paper the metamorphic age of 487±10 Ma for the UHP metamorphosed granitoid gneisses from Yinggelisayi in the Altyn Tagh. This age is consistent well with that of the UHP eclogites (about 500 Ma) in the western Altyn Tagh, and provides further evidence that different kinds of UHP rocks discovered in this area construct a UHP metamorphic belt along the south margin of Altyn Tagh, and also ...
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