Aim: Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is a potent and selective inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) with the ability to ameliorate metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese mice. In the present study, we investigated the effects of emodin on adipocyte function and the underlying mechanisms in vitro, and its anti-diabetic effects in ob/ob mice. Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for in vitro studies. 11β-HSD1A activity was evaluated with a scintillation proximity assay. The adipogenesis, glucose uptake, lipolysis and adiponectin secretion were investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with emodin in the presence of active (corticosterone) or inactive glucocorticoid (11-dehydrocorticosterone). For in vivo studies, ob/ob mice were administered emodin (25 and 50 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 , ip) for 26 d. On the last day of administration, the serum was collected and the mesenteric and perirenal fat were dissected for analyses. Results: Emodin inhibited the 11β-HSD1 activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in concentration-and time-dependent manners (the IC 50 values were 7.237 and 4.204 μmol/L, respectively, after 1 and 24 h treatment. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, emodin (30 μmol/L) suppressed 11-dehydrocorticosterone-induced adipogenesis without affecting corticosterone-induced adipogenesis; emodin (3 μmol/L) reduced 11-dehydrocorticosterone-stimulated lipolysis, but had no effect on corticosterone-induced lipolysis. Moreover, emodin (3 μmol/L) partly reversed the impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion induced by 11-dehydrocorticosterone but not those induced by corticosterone. In ob/ob mice, long-term emodin administration decreased 11β-HSD1 activity in mesenteric adipose tissues, lowered non-fasting and fasting blood glucose levels, and improved glucose tolerance. Conclusion: Emodin improves the inactive glucocorticoid-induced adipose tissue dysfunction by selective inhibition on 11β-HSD1 in adipocyte in vitro and improves glycemic control in ob/ob mice.
The composting of sewage sludge and maize straw was investigated in forced-aeration composting systems at initial C/N ratios of 14, 20, and 25, respectively. The temperatures of composting mixture with initial C/N ratios of 25 and 20 could meet the requirement of destroying pathogens. The final electrical conductivity (EC) of composting mixture with initial C/N ratios of 20 and 25 did not exceed the limit value of 3000 microS cm(-1), and the NH4(+)-N content of composting mixture with an initial C/N ratio of 14 did not meet the limit value of 400 mg kg(-1). The final NO3(-)-N and germination index (GI) of composting mixture with an initial C/N ratio of 25 were higher than those of composting mixtures with initial C/N ratios of 14 and 20. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of composting mixtures in the three composting mixtures showed the same changing pattern during the composting.
Background Acetone ethanol extracts from tobacco leaves have antiviral activity against TMV, but the antiviral effects of their specialized metabolites have not been systematically studied yet, especially the underlying mechanism is still unexplored. Results The tobacco cembranoids α(β)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol (α(β)-CBD) were extracted and purified with an effective and green protocol including innovatively added 5% phosphoric acid for elution, one time silica gel chromatographic column separation and impurity removal and further HPLC purification. The results of antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with the local lesion counting method showed that α(β)-CBD have in vivo higher protective effects of 73.2% and 71.6%, at 75.0 μM, respectively, than control agent Ningnanmycin (53.1%). Notably, The results of ELISA and and TMV-GFP fluorescent optical imaging assay indicated a obviously reduced viral protein and weaker GFP fluorescence signal and smaller infection area, which confirmed their anti-TMV activities at protein level. Furthermore, the enhanced production of SA and JA and the significantly increased transcription of of JA signaling pathway (COI1 and PDF1.2) and SA signaling pathway genes (PR1, NPR1 and EDS1) in treated plants further conformed that exogenously applied α(β)-CBD can effectively elicit the tobacco plant immunity against TMV. Conclusions The α(β)-CBD mainly stimulates disease resistance of tobacco plants to resist TMV and it can be used as bioagents to control TMV in the future.
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