The development of tight condensate gas reservoirs faces complex formation damage mechanisms, seepage characteristics and hydrocarbon phase changes, which are common challenges for both tight gas reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs. In the near-well area, the liquid phase blockage problem due to water phase retention formed by capillary spontaneous imbibition of invasive water and oil phase accumulation due to retrograde condensation precipitation has become a key obstacle to the efficient development of tight condensate gas reservoirs. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the damage of liquid phase blockage under different conditions near the wellbore area. The results show that when the liquid phase saturation in the near-wellbore area increased to 80.12%, the relative permeability of the gas phase decreased to 0. It is concluded that the mixed wettability of formation rocks, ultra-low water saturation, abundant hydrophilic clay minerals and high capillary resistance of micro-nano pores are the main causes for the easy adsorption and retention of liquid phase. Reduced pressure transmission capacity and irreversible formation damage induced by liquid-phase blockage are the two major controlling factors for the low liquid phase flowback rate. It is suggested that developing a flowback system based on the formation physical properties differentiation to control water phase invasion, and changing wettability or injecting thermochemical fluid to control condensate blocking are feasible methods to relieve liquid phase blockage damage in tight condensate reservoirs.
Isaria cateniannulata is a very important and virulent entomopathogenic fungus that infects many insect pest species. Although I. cateniannulata is commonly exposed to extreme environmental temperature conditions, little is known about its molecular response mechanism to temperature stress. Here, we sequenced and de novo assembled the transcriptome of I. cateniannulata in response to high and low temperature stresses using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. Our assembly encompassed 17,514 unigenes (mean length = 1,197 bp), in which 11,445 unigenes (65.34%) showed significant similarities to known sequences in NCBI non-redundant protein sequences (Nr) database. Using digital gene expression analysis, 4,483 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after heat treatment, including 2,905 up-regulated genes and 1,578 down-regulated genes. Under cold stress, 1,927 DEGs were identified, including 1,245 up-regulated genes and 682 down-regulated genes. The expression patterns of 18 randomly selected candidate DEGs resulting from quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were consistent with their transcriptome analysis results. Although DEGs were involved in many pathways, we focused on the genes that were involved in endocytosis: In heat stress, the pathway of clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE) was active; however at low temperature stresses, the pathway of clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) was active. Besides, four categories of DEGs acting as temperature sensors were observed, including cell-wall-major-components-metabolism-related (CWMCMR) genes, heat shock protein (Hsp) genes, intracellular-compatible-solutes-metabolism-related (ICSMR) genes and glutathione S-transferase (GST). These results enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of I. cateniannulata in response to temperature stresses and provide a valuable resource for the future investigations.
Although the densities of tobacco pests have been decreased in garlic-tobacco fields, further studies are needed to judge the effects of garlic transplanting densities or times on tobacco pests in tobacco fields. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in Liancheng County in Longyan City, Fujian Province, in China in 2014 and 2015. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) abundance, the species or abundance ratios of enemies and pests, the intercropping effects and the tobacco yield and crop value showed that the effects of transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic transplantation at a density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter on pests were stronger than those of other treatments. Aphid abundance was significantly lower in transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic transplantation at a density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter than in the other treatments. The ratio between enemies and pests in transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic transplantation at a density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter was higher than those in the other treatments. The intercropping effects of transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic transplantation at a density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter on Myzus persicae, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Heliothis assulta Guenee and Nezara viridula Linnaeus were significantly stronger than those of the other treatments, whereas the effects of transplanting tobacco 15 days after garlic transplantation at a garlic density of 5.85 individual plants per square meter on Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg) were significantly stronger. Additionally, the yield and crop value of transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic was transplanted at a density of 5.85 individual plants m À2 were higher than those of the other treatments. Therefore, our study demonstrated that the model of transplanting tobacco 10 days after garlic was transplanted at a density of 5.85 individual plants m À2 is an optimal management strategy to control flue-cured tobacco pests and to acquire higher crop yield in garlic-tobacco fields.
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