Background: The pathogenesis and etiology of antrochoanal polyps (ACP) are unclear. The aim of this study is to characterize the features of inflammatory cellular infiltration, the epithelial remodeling patterns and their associations to clinical parameters in ACP. Methods: A detailed histological study employing classic immunohistochemistry was performed. 33 ACPs, 49 classic bilateral nasal polyps (BNP) and 50 controls were obtained. The histological patterns and inflammatory cells infiltration were evaluated and analyzed for associations with clinical characteristics. Results: Less severe epithelial hyperplasia and goblet cell hyperplasia were found in ACP compared to BNP. In ACP, 87.9% of cases demonstrated neutrophilia. Elevated proportions of macrophages and CD8 + T cells, and elevated infiltration of mast cells was observed. Eosinophil infiltration was found to be positively corelated with a history of asthma; macrophages proportion was analyzed to have a significantly negative correlation with epithelial hyperplasia and goblet cell hyperplasia; the infiltration of CD8 + T cell and squamous metaplasia were found to have a positive correlation. Conclusion: Inflammation potentially has important roles in ACP. ACP may differ in its pathogenesis from classic bilateral nasal polyps.
Well-ordered spin
arrays are highly desirable for next-generation molecule-based magnetic devices,
and yet its synthetic method remains a challenging task. Herein, we demonstrate
the realization of two-dimensional supramolecular spin arrays on surfaces via
halogen-bonding molecular self-assembly. A bromine-terminal perchlorotriphenymethyl
radical with net carbon spin was synthesized and deposited on Au(111) to
achieve two-dimensional supramolecular spin arrays. By taking advantage of the
diversity of halogen bonds, five supramolecular spin arrays are presented with
ultrahigh spin densities (up to the value
of 3 × 10<sup>13</sup> spins at the
size of a flash drive), as probed by low-temperature scanning tunneling
microscopy at the single-molecule level. First principle calculations verify
that the formation of three distinct types of halogen bonds can be used to
tailor supramolecular phases via molecular coverage and annealing temperature.
Our work demonstrates supramolecular self-assembly as a promising method to
engineering 2D spin arrays for potential application in magnetic devices.
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