Gastrodin is a phenolic glycoside that has been demonstrated to provide neuroprotection in preclinical models of central nervous system disease, but its effect in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains unclear. In this study, we showed that intraperitoneal administration of gastrodin (100 mg/kg per day) significantly attenuated the SAH-induced neurological deficit, brain edema, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability in rats. Meanwhile, gastrodin treatment significantly reduced the SAHinduced elevation of glutamate concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid and the intracellular Ca 2? overload. Moreover, gastrodin suppressed the SAH-induced microglial activation, astrocyte activation, and neuronal apoptosis. Mechanistically, gastrodin significantly reduced the oxidative stress and inflammatory response, up-regulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, phospho-Akt and B-cell lymphoma 2, and down-regulated the expression of BCL2-associated X protein and cleaved caspase-3. Our results suggested that the administration of gastrodin provides neuroprotection against early brain injury after experimental SAH.
An insoluble sulfonated polyphosphazene (SPOP) with high degree of sulfonation is synthesized and used as the proton conductor in polybenzimidazole (PBI) high-temperature proton exchange membrane. Polyfunctional triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) is used as covalent cross-linking agent to obtain a high proton conductivity at low cross-linking degrees. The composite membrane is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SPOP has good compatibility with mPBI-TGIC, leading to uniform dispersion in the obtained membranes with neither phase separation nor agglomeration. As a highly efficient cross-linking agent, TGIC not only makes the composite membrane have good mechanical properties, thermal stability, anti-swelling and anti-oxidation properties at low crosslinking degrees, but also leads to high doping amount of SPOP, thus making the composite the membrane have a high proton conductivity. The conductivity of mPBI-TGIC(5%)/SPOP(50%) at 100% RH, 50% RH and 0 RH is 0.143, 0.076 and 0.044 S cm −1 at 180 °C, respectively. In addition, the composite membranes has good methanol resistance and selectivity, so the composite membrane can be applied in the direct methanol fuel cell.
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