acoustic waves, and to some degree, temperature, for the spatial awareness and the ability to navigate in the complex underwater environment (Figure 1). [1] With lateral line as the passive sensing system, blind cave fishes, for example, are capable to "see" their surroundings even without eyes. Inspired by the structure and versatile sensing functionalities of lateral lines, people have developed a variety of underwater flow sensors based on either sensing arrays manufactured by microelectromechanical systems [2-4] or fiber optics by photonic modulation/ fabrication techniques. [5,6] Although these conventional miniaturized or fiber-like sensors have well mimicked the hydrodynamic sensitivity of fish lateral lines, they are generally based on hard materials that are not able to reconfigure autonomously in response to stress and surrounding changes. [7,8] This leads to severe limitations for their integration with/at stretchable and biological interfaces caused by severely mismatched mechanical properties, especially in the boosted humanfriendly wearable, implantable, and "Internet of Things" scenarios. In recent years, the rapid development of soft electronics [9-14] and soft photonics [7,15-17] provides more opportunities for underwater sensing. Comparing to soft electronic sensors that are vulnerable to electromagnetic and conductive medium interference, soft optical sensors based on the control of light-matter interactions show great advantages to conceive underwater sensing systems. In particular, at scales larger than light wavelength, the focusing of light via total internal reflection underlying light propagation in optical fibers represent one of the most effective ray-optic sensing types. [7] Transparent materials that are structurally functionalized, mechanically compliant, dynamically adaptive, sensitive to stimuli changes, and capable of homeostasis are ideal options for constituting ray-optic sensing systems. So far, mainly two kinds of transparent materials have been exploited for fiber-based soft optics. Elastomers, like silicone, [18] polyurethane, [19] thermoplastic elastomers, [20,21] biodegradable elastomers, [22] and liquid crystalline elastomers, [23] were extensively used for optical fiber-based deformation and temperature sensing, imaging as well as actuating. However, most elastomers are inherently insensitive to environmental changes, and their Young's moduli are also much higher Underwater sensing plays a vital role in perceiving various hydrodynamic stimuli for underwater operations, while fishes evolve an adaptable, durable, and multifunctional lateral line sensory system to feel mechanical deformations from nearly all sources as well as water temperature changes. Such perfect integration of multiple functions into one biological system poses a great challenge for artificial soft sensors. Here, by constructing a stretchable and waterproof core-cladding hydrogel-elastomer hybrid optical fiber, nearly all the underwater sensations of fish lateral lines can be realized with unprecedented...
Purpose This paper aims to thrash out friction and wear properties of automobile brake lining reinforced by lignin fiber and glass fiber in braking process. Design/methodology/approach ABAQUS finite element software was used to analyze thermo-mechanical coupled field of friction materials. XD-MSM constant speed friction testing machine was used to test friction and wear properties of friction material. Worn surface morphology and mechanism of friction materials were observed by using scanning electron microscope. Findings The results show that when the temperature was below 350°C, worn mechanism of MFBL was mainly fatigue wear and abrasive wear, and worn mechanism of GFBL was mainly fatigue wear because MFBL contained lignin fiber. Therefore, it exhibits better mechanical properties and friction and wear properties than those of GFBL. Originality/value Lignin fiber can improve mechanical properties and friction and wear properties of the automobile brake lining.
A friction material was developed after studying carbon fiber and melamine modified phenolic resin, which was made by thermo-compression craft. Thermal stress coupled field of friction material is analyzed by ABAQUS finite element software, the physical mechanical and friction and wear performance were investigated, the worn surfaces wear mechanism of friction materials were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)and x-ray diffractometer, and comparison with ordinary phenolic resin friction material. It is shown that the friction and wear performance can be improved for friction material using both carbon fiber and melamine modified phenolic resin at the condition of high temperature, and the thermal decomposition and thermal fading of friction material were reduced in braking process. The mechanical properties and friction and wear properties of friction materials of melamine modified resin are improved compared with the friction materials of phenolic resin brake pads. It is thermal abrasion at high temperature due to phenolic resin decomposition accompanying with abrasive wear and fatigue abrasion, the wear mechanism of friction materials of melamine modified phenolic resin brake pad is fatigue abrasion.
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