Although developed countries have largely eliminated the problem of paraffin ingestion in young children, many developing countries have not. Paraffin, used as a home energy source, particularly in rural area, accounts for a significant percent of paediatric poisoning and can lead to serious health problems, complications and death. This paper presents a review done by a nurse clinician concerned about the number of paediatric poisonings she saw in the hospital in one developing country, Botswana. The first stage of solving the problem is presented in which she established the extent and epidemiology of the issue. Suggestions for its solution are also discussed. It is hoped that this can serve both to increase awareness in developing countries of the dangers of paraffin poisoning and serve as a model for nurse clinicians and researchers in developing countries.

Prostate cancer is a major sexual and reproductive health problem for men the world over. It remains an important public health concern in Western countries and an emerging malignancy in developing nations (Rawla, 2019). Ferlay et al. (2013) and Ervik and Asplund (2012) stated that prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality in men. By the year 2013, prostate cancer incidence and mortality in men had risen to 240,000 new cases and to more than 29,000 deaths, respectively, per year in the United States (American Cancer Society, 2013), and to 19,000 new cases and 3,300 deaths per year in Australia (Australian Institute of Health & Welfare, 2012). These figures made prostate cancer the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia, accounting for 31% of male cancers and 17% of all cancers in 2007 (Australian Institute of Health & Welfare, 2012). However, with early intervention, many of these deaths can be prevented. In Africa, prostate cancer contributes significantly to the public health burden. However, there are not enough data about prostate cancer; therefore, the exact burden remains unknown (Adeloye et al., 2016). In sub-Saharan Africa, 53.9 per 100,000 men are

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Purpose:The aim was to review published articles to identify experiences of people with hearing loss/impairment accessing healthcare services in sub-Saharan Africa. Design and method:The study was guided by Cooper's integrative review methodology. Articles published between 2010 and 2020 were identified through electronic databases. The search included: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, EBSCOHOST, MEDLINE, and Psyc INFO and using specific search terms. Ninety-one (91) articles were identified and screened for eligibility, and only seven articles were appraised using relevant tools for qualitative and quantitative designs. Findings:The articles that met the inclusion criteria were from the following sub-Saharan countries: Ghana (n = 2) South Africa (n = 3) Uganda (n = 1) and Zimbabwe (n = 1). Review analysis revealed seven (7) major themes categorized as: communication, lack of knowledge, discrimination, financial problem, healthcare workers' attitudes, and a lack of autonomy, security and privacy issues. Conclusion:The review provides evidence that indicate the challenges faced by people with hearing loss/impairment in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies suggest that communication, lack of knowledge; financial problems, lack of autonomy and privacy, and a perception of being discriminated against were major impediments in accessing healthcare service. Undesirable attitudes were also a hindrance for healthcare access.Clinical relevance: Communication is a major impediment in accessing healthcare for the hearing impaired people residing in sub-Saharan Africa.