The photo-degradation of the emerging contaminant antipyrine (AP) was studied and optimized in a novel photocatalytic spinning disc reactor (SDR). A heterogeneous process (UV/HO/TiO) was used. TiO was immobilized on the surface of a glass disc using a sol-gel method. A factorial design of experiments followed by a Neural Networks fitting allowed the optimal conditions to be determined for treating 50 mg/L of AP. Under these conditions (pH = 4; [HO] = 1500 mg/L; disc speed = 500 rpm; flowrate = 25 mL/s), AP was completely degraded in 120 min and regeneration of the disc allowed 10 cycles with no loss in efficiency. The value of the apparent volumetric rate constant was found to be 6.9·10 s with no apparent mass transfer limitation. Based on the main intermediates identified, a mechanism is proposed for antipyrine photodegradation: Firstly, cleavage of the NN bond of penta-heterocycle leads to the formation of two aromatic acids and N-phenylpropanamide. An attack to the CN bond in the latter compound produces benzenamine. Finally, the phenyl ring of the aromatic intermediates are opened and molecular organic acids are formed.
Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. Purified water is essential for living a healthy life as such everyone should have access to it. Pollution of water bodies is a major health issue in many fast
Conventional method of wastewater treatment may include the usage of inorganic coagulants which may cause significant environmental effects. This research was carried out to focus on development of coagulant derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus as wastewater treatment agent. In this research, the coagulant derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds and peels was produced by chemical activation process. Samples were prepared in the form of powder at 90 micromillimeter pore size and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) with concentration of 0.6M was used as activation agent and the activation temperature was set at 400°C for two hours. The coagulant samples were prepared by dissolving the seeds and peels of Artocarpus heterophyllus with H2SO4 at 1:8 (w/v) ratios then 0.1g of each sample was tested against 10ml of synthetic kaolin wastewater. The physical and chemical characterization of the sample was done by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) while the adsorbent effectiveness were tested using turbidity meter. FTIR results showed that the functional group in the samples corresponds well with existing literatures. XRD analysis has found that the samples were amorphous in structure. The BET surface area of Artocarpus heterophyllus coagulant seeds and peels is 216.8152 m2/g and 281.0723 m2/g respectively proved that the surface area of both samples become larger after heated which signifies larger surface area and pore diameter of the adsorbent. Result obtained through turbidity meters found that 11% (w/v) Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds coagulant showed 59.69% in turbidity removal while 14% (w/v) Artocarpus heterophyllus peels coagulant showed 76.88% in turbidity removal. This study had confirmed the efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus as coagulant up to an acceptable degree, however further study are needed to guarantee better percentage in turbidity removal.
Clean, safe and readily available water is very crucial in everyday life, especially for health, hygiene, and the productivity of the community. Unfortunately, increase in contaminants in water supplies from human activities and industrialization is very worrying. Conventional wastewater treatment includes the usage of alum that will affect health with prolonged consumption. This research was carried out to focus on the development of wastewater treatment system using adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds. Adsorbent was successfully synthesized from the seeds of Moringa oleifera. Characterization of the sample was made using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), while the effectiveness of water treatment was analyzed using Turbidity Meter. Then, all samples were tested against kaolin wastewater. XRD results showed that all the adsorbent samples were amorphous in nature. FTIR results indicated that there were hydroxyl group and carboxylic group in the sample representing numerous oxygen-riddled functional groups on the surface. From SEM results, it was clearly shown that the pore structure and size of Moringa oleifera affected the capability of adsorption where the smaller the size, the more effective the sample. Turbidity test showed that the sample that worked best for wastewater treatment was adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds in size of 125µm that was heated for 4 hours with 93.76% turbidity removal. Therefore, this study proved that the adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds is very suitable for high turbidity wastewater treatment. Further studies investigating the combination of conventional activated carbon with adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds should be conducted before these samples are made available for further use so that we can compare which sample works best for wastewater treatment.
Catalyst Immobilization methods are important for providing better recovery of catalyst in photocatalytic treatment. The aim is to characterize and evaluate the photocatalytic performance of TiO2/ZnO-coated clay beads. The titanium dioxide/zinc oxide (TiO2/ZnO)-coated clay beads were prepared via the sol-gel process. Various ZnO powder ratios gave different TiO2/ZnO composites sol. Four layers of TiO2/ZnO sol were coated on clay beads and dried in the oven at 100°C for 30 min. The coated clay beads were calcined at 500°C for one hour for every two layers. Characterization of coated clay beads was done using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The increased surface area on small agglomeration and optimum loading of ZnO (5 g) resulted in the highest degradation efficiency recorded at 86.57%. An effective catalyst immobilization achieved a good recycling performance on clay beads. Degradation rate data were presented by pseudo-first-order kinetics. It was observed that the average degradation rate for TiO2/5 g ZnO is 0.00836 min–1. The actual results in this work can be applied as a guideline for the preparation of TiO2/ZnO-coated clay beads with high photocatalytic performance.
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